Lakota - English Dictionary

ablo' n. that part of shoulder which is not the top. See also: hi~ye'te.

agla'gla postp. along, along side of. S^u~'ka ki~ c^ha~ku' agla'gla k?a' he. The dog is digging along the road. Igmu'la la ki~ ama'glagla lah^c^i h^pa'ye. The kitten is lying close behind me. U~ka'glagla lah^c^i ya~ka' pi. They sat close beside us. Usage: Agla'gla is used when the object to which something is related is on an open surface, as a road across a field. A different word is used when the area is enclosed in some way, for example, a stream running through a canyon. See also: opha'ya.

agle's^ka n. lizard.

ag^u'yapi n. 1) bread. Ag^u'yapi wah^te'wala s^ni. I don't like bread. Variant: ag^u'wapi, ag^wa'pi. 2) loaf of bread. Ag^u'yapi ya'mni ophe'thu~ wo! Buy three loaves of bread!

ag^u'yapiblu' n. flour. Lit: 'bread powder'.

ag^u'yapisku'yela n. 1) cookie. Lit: 'sweet baked thing'. Ag^u'yapisku'yela to'na ic^u' he? How many cookies did he take? 2) cake. Ag^u'yapisku'yela ki~ toha~'ya~ yu'ta pi he? How much of the cake did they eat? 3) pastry. Ag^u'yapisku'yela was^te'yalaka he? Do you like pastry?

a'kah^pe n. lodge cover, tepee cover.

aka~'l postp. on, upon. Igmu'la ki~ oyu~'ke aka~'l h^pa'ye. The cat is lying on the bed. Variant: aka~'n.

aka~'n postp. on, upon. See aka~'l; aka~'l.

ake'napc^i~'yu~ka num. nineteen. See wikc^e'mna ake'napc^i~'yu~ka.

ake'num num. twelve. See wikc^e'mna ake'nupa.

ake'nupa num. twelve. See wikc^e'mna ake'nupa.

ake's^aglo'g^a~ num. eighteen. See wikc^e'mna ake's^aglo'g^a~.

ake's^ako'wi~ num. seventeen. See wikc^e'mna ake's^ako'wi~.

ake's^akpe num. sixteen. See wikc^e'mna ake's^akpe.

ake'tob num. fourteen. See wikc^e'mna ake'topa.

ake'topa num. fourteen. See wikc^e'mna ake'topa.

ake'wa~z^i num. eleven. See wikc^e'mna ake'wa~z^i.

ake'yamni num. thirteen. See wikc^e'mna ake'yamni.

ake'zapta~ num. fifteen. See wikc^e'mna ake'zapta~.

aki'sni vs. 1) to stop, to cease (used of natural processes). Wa'hi~he' k?u~ he' aki'sni. The snowfall has stopped. Os^i'c^ec^a k?u~ he' aki'sni. The storm is over. 2) to recover, to get well. Li'la wama'yaza~ke e'yas^, wana' ama'kisni. I was very sick, but I am well now Ani'c^isni he? Are you better now? 1s: ama'kisni 'I got well'. 2s: ani'c^isni 'you are well'. 1p: u~ka'kisni pi 'we got well'.

akhe' adv. again. Akhe' osni' olu'spa he? Have you caught cold again? H^ta'leha~ he' hi' na hi~'ha~ni ki~ akhe' u' kte. He came yesterday and he will come again tomorrow.

apsi'c^A vt. to jump over. Wakpa'la ki~ u~ka'psic^a pi. We jumped over the creek. Ika'zopi ki~ apsi'c^a yo! Jump over the line! 1s: awa'psic^e 'I jumped over him, it'. 1p: awa'psic^e 'we jumped over him, it, he, it jumped over us, they jumped over us'.

aphA' vt. hit. Ac^hi'phi~ kte ki~ lo'! Look out, I am going to hit you! Ma'khiye c^hi~ke s^ni ama'phe. He hit me for no reason. 1s: awa'phe 'I hit him'. 1p: u~ka'pha pi 'we hit him, he hit us, they hit us'.

aphe' vt. to await, to wait for. Phez^u'ta?othi' ekta' ama'phe yo! Wait for me at the drugstore! Toha~'ya~ aya'phe he? How long have you been waiting for him? 1s: awa'phe 'I waited for him'. 1p: u~ka'phe pi 'we waited for him, he waited for us, they waited for us'.

as^?a' vt. 1) to urge on by yelling. Lowa~' ki~ awi'c^has^?a pi. They shouted approval of the singers. 1s: awa's^?a. 1p: u~ka's^?a pi. 2) to razz, to tease. Kas^e' na glih^pa'ya c^ha as^?a' pi. He stumbled and fell down, and so they razzed him.

ate' n. father. Ate', o'makiya ye! Father (Uncle), please help me! Niya'te ki~ to'khiya iya'ya he? Where is your father (paternal uncle)? Usage: Ate' is used when speaking of or to the biological father and to all the persons whom he addresses as brother. The usual English meanings of ate' are thus "father" and "paternal uncle". See also: phapa'.

ate'yA vt. to have someone as father (paternal uncle), to recognize someone as father (paternal uncle), to have a father-child (uncle-nephew/niece) relationship with someone. Si~te' Gles^ka' he' ate'ye. Spotted Tail is his father (paternal uncle). Ate'waye ki~ hu~'ke s^ni. My father (paternal uncle) is sickly. 1s: ate'waye 'I have him as father (paternal uncle), he is my father (paternal uncle)'. 1p: ate'?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as father (paternal uncle), he is our father (paternal uncle), they have us as fathers (paternal uncles), we are their fathers (paternal uncles)'.

atku'ku n. his or her father (paternal uncle). Hi~'ha~ni Robert atku'ku kic^hi' wa~bla'ke. This morning I saw Robert with his father (paternal uncle).

atku'ku pi n. their father (paternal uncle), their fathers (paternal uncles). Atku'ku pi ki~ wo'was^i ec^hu~' pi. Their fathers (paternal uncles) are at work.

a?u' vt. to bring (something), to carry (something) along while coming here. Mnipi'g^a ki~ tuwa' a?u' he? Who brought the beer? 1s: awa'?u 'I brought him, it'. 1p: u~ka'?u pi 'we brought him, it, he brought us, they brought us'.

awa's^telakA vt. to like doing whatever is mentioned in an accompanying verb. Wakha'lyapi yatka~' awa's^teyalaka he? Do you like to drink coffee? 1s: awa's^telake 'I like (doing) it'. 1p: awa's^te?u~laka pi 'we like (doing) it'.

a'yA vt. to take someone, something somewhere, to carry something along while going somewhere. Mnipi'g^a eya' u~ka'ya pi. We took along some beer. Wac^hi'pi ekta' tuwa' ani'yi~ kta he? Who is taking you to the dance? Le' Mary thi' ekta' a'ya yo! Take this over to Mary's house! Hi~'ha~ni ki~ he' a'ni kta he? Are you taking that tomorrow? 1s: a'ble 'I took him, it somewhere'. 1p: u~ka'ya pi 'we took him, it somewhere, he took us somewhere, they took us somewhere'.

— vs. to become. Usage: This is actually the verb a'yA 'to take along'. When used with object affixes and a stative verb, and a stative verb, it means 'to become' whatever the stative verb refers to. It evidently means something like 'to be taken or brought to a particular state': khu's^ ama'ye 'it took me to bring sick, I became sick'. 1s: ama'ye 'I became'. 1p: u~ka'ya pi 'we became'.

ayu's^ta~ vt. 1) to leave, to abandon. He' wi~'ya~ kin hi~gna'ku ki~ ayu's^ta~. That woman has left her husband 1s: ablu's^ta~ 'I left him, it'. 1p: u~ka'yus^ta~ pi 'we left him, it, he left us, they left us'. 2) to give up, to quit. Hoks^i'la ki~ wo'?u~spe e'kihu~ni s^ni ayu's^ta~. The boy gave up his education without graduating Li'la c^ha~nu'mupe e'yas^, ablu's^ta~. I used to smoke a lot, but I have quit. 3) to leave alone. Ag^u'yapisku'yela ki~ lena' ayu's^ta~ ye! Leave these cookies alone! Ama'yus^ta~ yo! Mah^wa' na mis^ti'ma wac^hi~'. Leave me alone! I am sleepy and I want to sleep. 4) to let go. Igmu'la ki~ ithu~'kala wa~ oyu'spe e'yas^, ayu's^ta~. The cat caught a mouse, but she let it go Wi'kha~ ki~ ayu's^ta~ s^ni yo! Don't let go of the rope!

aze' n. breast, tit.

aze'phi~kpe n. nipple. Lit: 'breast tip'.

az^u~'tka n. kidney.

c^ha conj. and, and so, consequently. He' ih^?e' wa~ ahi~'h^paya c^ha kat?e'. A rock fell on him and killed him. Wakha~'yez^a ki~ khu'z^a c^ha hu~'ku ki~ awa~'ya~ke. The child is sick, and so his mother takes care of him. Usage: C^ha is used when one statement follows logically from a preceding statement.

c^ha he' u~ conj. (and) that is why. Ta'kuwe hoks^i'la ki~ c^he'ya he? Iglu'ksa c^ha he' u~. Why is the baby crying? He cut himself, that's whyю

c^ha'g^a n. ice.

c^hag^u' n. lung.

c^hah^o'ta n. ashes.

c^haka' n. palate, roof of the mouth.

c^ha'pa n. beaver.

c^haphu~'ka n. mosquito.

c^hasmu' n. sand. Variant: c^hasmuka.

c^hatka' vs. to be left-handed. Nic^ha'tka he? Are you left-handed? Wic^ha's^a c^hatka' ki~ he' su~ka'waye. The left-handed man is my younger brother. 1s: mac^ha'tka 'I am left-handed'. 1p: u~c^ha'tka pi 'we are left-handed'. Redup: chatka'tka.

c^ha~ n. day. Leta~' to'pa c^ha~ u~gli' pi kte. We'll come back in four days. Usage: c^ha~ is used only in counting days. The accompanying number always precedes c^ha~. See also: a~pe'tu.

c^ha~' n. 1) tree. C^ha~' to'na ha~' he? How many trees are there? 2) wood. C^ha~' toha~'ya~ yaka'ksaksa he? How much wood did you chop? He' c^ha~' u~ ka'g^a pi. This is made of wood.

c^ha~?a'ka~ya~kapi n. chair. Lit: 'wood they sit on'.

c^ha~bla'ska n. board, plank; lumber. Lit: 'flat wood'.

c^ha~'c^heg^a n. drum. Lit: 'wooden kettle'.

c^ha~ha~'pi n. sugar. Lit: 'tree juice'. Usage: The earliest reference of the word was to maple sugar. Do not confuse c^ha~ha~'pi "sugar" with c^ha~'ha~pi' "maple syrup".

c^ha~'ha~pi n. maple sugar, maple syrup.

c^ha~?i'wakse n. saw. Lit: 'instrument for cutting wood'.

c^ha~ka'totola n. woodpecker. Lit: 'tree knocker'.

c^ha~kpe' n. knee.

c^ha~ku' n. road, path, trail, street, highway.

c^ha~kha'hu n. spine, backbone.

c^ha~li' n. tobacco, cigarette.

c^ha~nu'pa n. Indian pipe, calumet.

c^ha~nu'pasi~te' n. pipestem. Lit: 'pipe tail'.

c^ha~pa'gmiya~pi n. wagon. Lit: 'wood which is made to roll along'.

c^ha~pha' n. choke cherry, choke cherries; domestic cherry, domestic cherries. Lit: 'bitter tree'. This refers to the bitter taste of cherry twigs.

c^ha~s^a's^a n. willow. Lit: 'red tree'.

c^ha~'s^kopa n. lacrosse. Lit: 'crooked or bent stick'.

c^ha~te' n. heart. 1sPos: mac^ha~'te, mic^ha~'te 'my heart'.

c^ha~'thipi n. house, wooden building.

c^ha~?u~'kas^ke n. fence. Lit: '(what) detains or imprisons with wood'. Variant: c^hu~'kas^ke.

c^ha~'wak?i~ n. saddle. Lit: 'wooden back rack'.

c^ha~wa'paha n. coup stick, standard.

c^ha~wo'gnake n. casket, coffin.

c^he' n. 1) male genitals (Oglala). 2) penis (Brule). See also: susu'.

c^hec^a' n. thigh. Usage: C^hec^a' is used when speaking of the front of the thigh. See also: sic^ha~'.

c^hegna'ke n. breechcloth; undershorts, shorts, briefs. Lit: '(male) genital cover'. Usage: This cannot refer to female clothing.

c^he'g^a n. kettle; bucket.

c^hehu'pa n. lower jaw.

c^hekpa' n. navel, belly button.

c^he'pA vs. to be fat. Pta~ye'tu c^ha~'na tha'h^c^a ki~ c^hebc^he'pa pi. Deer are fat in the fall Oya'te c^he'pa ki~ wato'ha~l s^na ta~ya~' u~' pi s^ni. Sometimes fat people are not healthy. 1s: mac^he'pe 'I am fat'. 1p: u~c^he'pa pi 'we are fat'. Redup: c^hebc^he'pA.

c^heta~' n. hawk.

c^he?u~'pA vt. fry. Ta'ku ogna' thalo' ki~ c^heya'?u~pi kta he? What are you doing to fry the meat in? Thalo' c^he?u~'pa pi wah^te'wala s^ni. I don't like fried meat. Variant: c^heyu~'pA. 1s: c^hewa'u~pe 'I fried it'. 1p: c^he?u~'k?u~pa pi 'we fried it'.

c^he'yA va. to cry, to weep. Ana'g^opta~ yo! Tuwa' c^he'ye! Listen! Someone is crying. 1s: wac^he'ye 'I cry'. 1p: u~c^he'ya pi 'we cry'.

c^heyu~'pA vt. fry. See c^he?u~'pA. 1s: c^hewa'u~pe 'I fried it'. 1p: c^he?u~'k?u~pa pi 'we fried it'.

c^hiye' n. older brother of a man. C^hiye', ta'ku iye'yaya he? Older brother, what did you find? Usage: This is a term of address.

c^hiye'yA vt. to have as older brother (male Reference). 1s: c^hiye'waye 'I have him as older brother'. 1p: c^hiye'?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as older brother, he has us as older brothers, they have us as older brothers'.

c^hi~' vt. want. Thas^pa~' wa~z^i' wac^hi~' lah^! I'd sure like an apple! La' yac^hi~' he? Do you want to go? 1s: wac^hi~' 'I want him, it'. 1p: u~c^hi~' pi 'we want him, it, he wants us, they want us.'.

c^hi~' ktA vt. to need (something). Ag^u'yapiblu' eta~' wac^hi~' kte. I need some flour. Usage: C^hi~' kta is used only in speaking of needs which are governed by will. It can not be used, for example, to refer to physical needs. See also: kini'c^a. 1s: wac^hi~' kte 'I need it'. 1p: u~c^hi~' pi kte 'we need it'.

c^hi~c^a' n. child, offspring. Le' a~pe'tu ki~ nic^hi~'c^a ki~ ta~ya~' he? Is your child better today? To'khe c^hi~c^a'la kho' yukhe' so? You mean to tell me he has young'uns?

c^hi~c^a'la n. young. 1) colt. S^u~n^wi~'yela u~ki'thawa pi ki~ c^hi~c^a'la wa~ yuha'. Our mare has had a colt 2) young of animals in general. Wama'khas^ka~ c^hi~c^a'la ki~ we'tu c^ha~'na wic^ha'thu~ pi. Animals bear their young in the spring. Zuze'c^a othi' wa~ e'l zuze'c^a c^hi~c^a'la o'ta ata'wic^hawaye. I came upon a lot of baby snakes in a snake den.

c^hi~'ks^ n. son. Usage: This is a term of address. Variant: c^hi~ks^i'.

c^hi~ks^i'yA vt. to have as son. 1s: c^hi~ks^i'waye 'I have him as son'. 1p: c^hi~ks^i'?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as son, he/she has us as sons, they have us as sons'.

c^hi~s^ka' n. spoon.

c^ho' vs. 1) to be pleasing, attractive, pretty, pleasant. Ha~'pa c^hoc^ho' eya' luha'. You have pretty moccasins. Wikho's^kalaka ki~ hena' li'la c^hoc^ho' pi. Those young ladies are really attractive. H^taye'tu ki~ le' c^ho'. It is pleasant this evening 1s: mac^ho' 'I am attractive'. 1p: u~c^ho' pi 'we are attractive'. 2) to be delicious. Waha~'pi ki~ le' c^ho'. This soup is delicious.

c^hog^i~' n. muscle, flesh; core.

c^hoka~'ya~ adv. in the middle. C^ha~ku' c^hoka~'ya~ na'z^i~. He is standing in the middle of the road. Mni c^ho'ka~ya~ kigmu'ke. He dived into the middle of the water, he dived in midstream.

— n. middle finger.

c^huwe' n. older sister of a woman. Usage: this is a term of address.

c^huwe'yA vt. to have as older sister (woman speaking). He' s^u~'kawakha~' ki~ c^huwe'waye ki~ tha'wa. That horse is my older sister's. 1s: c^huwe'waye 'I have her as older sister'. 1p: c^huwe'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as older sister, she has us as older sister, they have us as older sisters'.

c^huwi' n. upper back, the wide portion of the back above the "small" of the back. See also: nite', nise'hu.

c^huwi'c^?i~pa n. cradle board, Indian cradle carried on the back. Lit: '(what) is carried on the upper back'. See also: iyo'k?i~pa.

c^huwi'gnaka n. dress. Lit: 'dress cover'.

c^huwi'ta vs. to be cold. Nic^hu'wita eha~'ta~ha~s^, oz^a~'z^a~glepi ki~ natha'ka yo! Close the window if you are cold! Usage: C^huwi'ta is used only when speaking of animate things. See also: sni', osni'. 1s: mac^hu'wita 'I am cold'. 1p: u~c^hu'wita pi 'we are cold'. Redup: c^huwi'wita.

c^huwi'yapehe n. grape, grapes. Lit: 'something which a tree is wrapped with'.

c^hu~'kas^ke n. fence. See c^ha~?u~'kas^ke.

c^hu~'ks^ n. to have as daughter. Usage: This is a term of address. Variant: c^hu~ks^i'.

c^hu~ks^i'yA vt. to have as daughter. 1s: c^hu~ks^i'waye 'I have her as daughter'. 1p: c^hu~ks^i'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as daughter, he/she has us as daughters, they have us as daughters'.

ha' n. 1) skin, hide. Ha' kisa'pe ke. He has dark skin. Ha ma'pati~. My skin is rough. Ha' ki~ le' tuwa' kpa~ya~' he? Who tanned this hide? 2) rind. Wagmu's^pa~s^ni ha' ki~ le' s^o'ke. This watermelon has a thick rind. 3) shell. Wi'tka ha' ki~ lena' ih^pe'ya ye! Throw away these egg shells!

hah^u~'ta n. thread.

ha'la n. flea.

halha'ta n. magpie. Halha'ta is supposedly what the magpie says when he gives his characteristic cry. See also: u~kc^e'kih^a.

Ha'sapa n. negro, black. Lit: 'black skin'. Ha~ke' Ha'masa'pa. I am par Negro. Ha'sapa wa~z^i' to'ha~h^c^i wa~la'ka he? Have you ever seen a Negro?

hA~ encl. Enclitic which indicates that the action or state is continuous. Its meaning is similar to the meaning added to an English verb by the ‑ing suffix.. Naha~'h^c^i nuka' ha~ he? Kikta' yo! Are you still lying there? Get up! H^ta'leha~ wakha~'yez^a ki~ tha~ka'l s^ka'ta ha~ pi. Yesterday the children were playing outside.

hA~' va. to be, to be in a place. He'c^hiya c^ha~' o'ta he'. There are a lot of trees over there. Wi'gli?o?i'naz^i~ wa~z^i' tukte'l ha~' he? Where is a gas station? Waks^i'c^a ki~ wa'glotapi aka~'l he'. The bowl is on the table. Usage: HA~' is used only of inanimate objects having a base which is narrow when compared with the height of the object. See also: na'z^i~, ya~kA', h^pa'yA, ?u~'.

ha~' 1) yes. Ni' kta he? Ha~', mni' kte. Are you going? Yes, I am (going). 2) no. Ni' kte s^ni he? Ha~', mni' kte s^ni. Aren't you going? No, I'm not (going). (Literally: "Yes, I'm not going.") Usage: In reply to negative question, ha~' means no.

ha~he'pi n. night. Ha~he'pi to'na to'khi ila'la he? How many nights were you away? December ogna' ha~he'pi ki~ ha~'skaska. Nights are long in Decembers.

— vimp. to be night. Ec^ha~'ni ha~he'pi kte. It will soon be night. Ha~he'pi c^ha~'na hi~ha~' wi'kigni pi. Owls hunt for their prey at night.

— adv. last night. Ha~he'pi Jim hu' kawe'g^e. Jim broke his leg last night.

ha~he'pi ki~ adv. tonight. Ha~he'pi ki~ to'ks^a ohi'?u~ya~ pi kte. We will certainly win tonight.

ha~he'piwi' n. moon. Lit: 'night luminary'. Mah^pi'yaya c^ha ha~he'piwi' ki~ wa~bla'ka owa'kihi s^ni. It is cloudy, and I can't see the moon. Ha~he'piwi' ki~ wana' tha~'ka ke. The moon is crescent (becoming full) now. See also: wi', a~'pawi'.

ha~ka's^i n. female cousin of a man. Usage: This is a term of address.

ha~m?i'kc^eka n. moccasin. Lit: 'ordinary shoe'. See also: ha~'pa.

ha~'pa n. shoe.

ha~'skA vs. 1) to be tall (of upright things). He' c^ha~' ki~ li'la ha~'ske. That tree is very tall. Hena' c^ha~' ki~ li'la ha~'skaska. Those trees are very tall. Wic^ha's^a ha~'ska wa~ wa~ni'ya~ka c^hi~. A tall man wants to see you. 1s: maha~'ske 'I am tall'. 1p: u~ha~'ska pi 'we are tall'. Redup: ha~'skaska. 2) to be long (of horizontal things). Zuze'c^a ha~'ska wa~ waka't?e. I killed a long snake. Mas^ti~'c^ala ki~ nakpa' ha~'skaska yukha~' pi. Rabbits have long ears. Ha~'pa ki~ lena' eha's^ ha~'skaska. These shoes are too long.

he encl. Particle which indicates a question.. Nitha'?iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ tukte'l ha~' he? See also: hu~wo'.

he' pron. 1) that, that one. He' wic^ha's^a ki~ (Wic^ha's^a ki~ he') o'makiye. That man helped me. He' ophe'wathu~ kte yelo'. I'm going to buy that one. 2) he, she, it, him, her. He' Jim atku'ku. He is Jim's father. A~pe'ha~ he' wa~la'ka he? Did you see him (her, it) earlier today? He' yac^hi~' he? Do you want it?

hec^a' n. buzzard.

he'c^i encl. Enclitic which marks a polite suggestion. It is equivalent to a command, but is used when speaking to someone who should not be commanded by the speaker.. Wana' u~ya~' pi he'c^i. Shall we go now? Blo' eta~' awa'?u he'c^i? Should I bring potatoes? Mitha'?iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ogna' u~ya~' pi he'c^i. Maybe we should go in my car.

he'c^ha vs. to be such a one, to be one of a mentioned kind. Mitha'wic^u ki~ wa?u~'spekhiye he'c^ha. My wife is a teacher Hena' wic^ha's^a ki~ Sic^ha~'g^u he'c^ha pi. Those men are Rosebud Sioux. Pteyu'ha he?u~'c^ha pi. We are cattle ranchers. 1s: hema'c^ha 'I am a'. 1p: he?u~'c^ha pi 'we are'.

— encl. to be necessary, to have to. Ag^u'yapi na c^ha~ha~'pi ophe'?u~thu~ pi kte he'c^ha. We have to buy bread and sugar. Usage: In order to have this meaning he'c^ha must follow another verb. In this function he'c^ha is virtually an enclitic.

he'c^hena adv. still. George Nebraska e'l he'c^hena wo'was^i ec^hu~'. George still works in Nebraska. He'c^hena ni' kta he? Are you still coming?

he'c^hi adv. there.

he'c^hiya adv. there; in, at, or to that general area. He'c^hiya (he'c^hi) Lakho'ta to'na thi' pi he? How many Indians live there? Usage: He'c^hiya is often shortened to he'c^hi.

hec^hi~'s^kayapi n. mountain sheep. Lit: 'they make spoon from their horns'.

he'ha~ adv. then. U~c^i'gc^ik?ala u~ki'c^hag^a pi k?u~ he'ha~ h^eya'ta u~thi' pi. While we were small and growing up (then) we lived out in the country. Usage: He'ha~ is used in sentences which refer to actual events. See also: heha~'l.

heha~'l adv. then. Thoke'ya Lusk ekta' u~ki' pi na heha~'l Cheyenne e'l u~ki' pi kte. First we'll get to Lusk and then we will get to Cheyenne. Usage: Heha~'l is used in sentences which refer to hypothetical events. Some people pronounce this word heha~'n. See also: he'ha~.

heh^a'ka n. elk. Lit: 'branched horns'.

he'l adv. there; in, at, or to that place. He'l thi' pi. They live there.

hena' pron. 1) those, those there. Hena' wic^ha's^a ki~ (Wic^ha's^a ki~ hena') o'makiya pi. Those men helped me. Hena' was^te'walake. I like those (things) there. Usage: Hena' is the plural of he'. 2) they, them. Hena' naha~'h^c^i hi' pi s^ni. They haven't come yet. C^ha~ksa'yuha' ki~ hena' owi'c^hayuspa pi. The police arrested them.

heta~' adv. from there. Heta~' makhi'yuthapi to'na yathi' he? How many miles do you live from there? Lincoln ekta' mni' kte naha~' heta~' Council Bluffs ekta' mni' kte. I'll go to Lincoln and then from there I'll go to Council Bluffs Bob hi' na owa'phe ya'mni heta~' Jim i~'s^?eya' hi'. Bob came and three hours later Jim also came.

he'ya n. louse.

hi'1 va. to arrive here, to reach here, to get here, to come. To'ha~ yahi' he? When did you get here? 1s: wahi' 'I came'. 1p: u~hi' pi 'we came'.

hi'2 n. tooth, teeth.

hiya' 1) no. Ni' kta he? Hiya', mni' kte s^ni. Are you going? No, I'm not (going). 2) yes. Ni' kte s^ni he? Hiya', mni' kte. Aren't you going? Yes, I am (going). (Literally: "No, I am going") Usage: In reply to a negative question, hiya' means "yes".

hiya'yA va. to pass by. Hi~'ha~ni o'pta hiya'ya pi c^ha wa~wi'c^hablake. This morning I saw them pass by. Usage: This does not allow for a stop on the way, as the English "pass by" does. This verb is a compound of the verbs hi' (to arrive here) and iya'yA (to leave here, to go away). In the first and second person forms, some speakers add affixes to each verbal element (wahi'blable, yahi'lale), while others add an affix to either one or the other (wahi'yaye, yahi'yaye or hibla'ble, hila'le). 1s: wahi'yaye, wahi'blable, hibla'ble 'I passed by'. 1p: u~hi'yaya pi 'we passed by'.

hiya'ye n. semen, cum.

hiyu' va. to leave somewhere to come to a place of close focus. Bismark eta~' ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' nu'pa he'ha~ wahi'yu. I left Bismark for here at two o'clock. Toha~'l Lincoln eta~' yahi'yu kta he? When will you leave Lincoln to come here? Hiyu' nitho! Come here at once (w.s.)! 1s: wahi'yu 'I left to come here'. 1p: u~hi'yu pi 'we left to come here'.

hi~' n. hair, fur.

hi~gna'thu~ va. to get married. Mic^hu~'ks^i hi~'ha~ni ki~ hi~gna'thu~ kte. My daughter is getting married tomorrow. Usage: Hi~gna'thu~ is used only with reference to females. 1s: hi~gna'wathu~' 'I got married'. 1p: hi~gna'?u~thu~' pi 'we got married'.

hi~gna'yA~ vt. to have for a husband, to marry. Mic^hu~'ks^i Joe Little Thunder hi~gna'yi~ kte. My daughter is marrying Joe Little Thunder. 1s: hi~gna'waye 'I married him'. 1p: hi~gna'wic^ha?u~ya~ pi 'we married them'.

hi~ha~' n. owl.

hi~'ha~na morning. See hi~'ha~ni.

hi~'ha~ni n. morning. Hi~'ha~ni ki~ kha'te. It is a hot morning. Variant: hi~'ha~na.

— vimp. to be morning. Naha~'h^c^i ha~he'pi he? Hiya', hi~'ha~ni. Is it still night? No, it is morning.

— adv. this (past) morning. Hi~'ha~ni wo'wapi wa~ Jim eta~' iwa'c^u. I got a letter from Jim this morning.

hi~'ha~ni ki~ adv. tomorrow. Hi~'ha~ni ki~ owa'kpamni ekta' wagni' kte. I'll go home to the agency tomorrow. Variant: hi~'ha~na ki~.

hi~h^pa'yA vs. to fall, to fall off. Wakta' yo, nihi~'h^payi~ kte! Be careful not to fall! Mic^hi~'ks^i s^u~'kawakha~' eta~' hi~h^pa'ye. My son fell off a horse. 1s: mahi~'h^paye 'I fell'. 1p: u~hi~'h^paya pi 'we fell'.

hi~ye'te n. top of the shoulder. See also: ablo'.

ho' n. voice.

— va. to howl, to give voice. S^u~n^ma'nitu ki~ ha~he'pi a'yataya ho' pi. The coyotes howled all night last night. Usage: Ho' is used only of dogs and dog-like animals.

hog^a~' n. fish.

Hohe' n. Assiniboine. Niho'he he? Are you an Assiniboine?

hohu' n. bone (Brule). See huhu'.

hoks^i'c^ala n. baby. Hoks^i'c^ala oh^?a~'wih^aya la wa~ yuha'. She has a cute baby. Honi'ks^ic^ala k?u~ he'ha~ niwa's^te la. You were cute when you were a baby.

hoks^i'la n. 1) boy. Le' hoks^i'la ki~ wani'yetu za'pta~. This boy is five years old Be'bela ki~ le' hoks^i'la. This baby is a boy. Naha~'h^c^i honi'ks^ila pi. You are still boys. 1s: homa'ks^ila 'I am a boy'. 2) young man. Lakho'ta hoks^i'la ki~ ohi'tika pi. The Indian boys were brave. Usage: This meaning is poetic.

hoks^i'yuha va. to have a baby, to give birth to a baby. Mary ha~he'pi hoks^i'yuha. Mary had a baby last night. 1s: hoks^i'bluha 'I had a baby'. 1p: hoks^i'?u~yuha pi 'we had babies'.

hokha' n. heron.

hothu~' va. to utter a cry, to utter the characteristic cry of a species. S^u~'kawakha~' wa~z^i' hothu~' naya'h^?u~ he? Did you hear a horse neigh? Hi~'ha~ni zi~tka'la ki~ hothu~' pi. The birds are singing this morning. Usage: Hothu~' is used only of animal noises. It is translated by a number of English verbs which refer to animal cries: 'mew', 'neigh', 'bellow', 'chirp', 'cackle', 'quack', etc. There are separate verbs, however, for the calls of dogs and dog-like animals.

howa'nag^oye n. tape recorder.

howa'sapa n. catfish.

howa'yA va. to mew. Igmu'la ki~ loc^hi~' ye'lakha howa'ya he.1 The cat must be hungry, he is mewing

hu'1 n. bush, shrub.

hu'2 n. leg.

hu'3 n. tire.

hublo' n. shin. 1s: mihu'blo 'my shin'.

huhu' n. bone (Oglala). Variant: hohu'.

hu?i'pat?i~ze n. tire pump. Lit: '(what) a tire is inflated with'.

huka's^e va./vs. to stumble, to trip. Huma'kas^e na magli'h^paya kha. I stumbled and almost fell. Huka's^e ona'?iphekeke. It's easy to stumble here. Syn: kas^e'. 1s: huwa'kas^e, huma'kas^e 'I stumbled, I tripped'. 2s: huya'kas^e, huni'c^as^e 'you stumbled, you tripped'. 1p: hu?u~'kas^e pi 'we stumbled, we tripped'.

hu?o'kah^mi n. popliteal (back of the leg behind the knee). Lit: 'place where the leg bends'.

hupa'gmiya~ya~ n. wheel.

hu'stakA vs. to be tired. Wic^ha's^a ki~ li'la hu'staka pi c^ha iyu'ha eha~'ni iyu~'ka pi. The men were very tired and all of them have gone to bed already. Usage: Hu'stakA is never used to modify a noun. See also: watu'kha. 1s: hu'masta'ke 'I am tired'. 1p: hu'?u~sta'ka pi 'we are tired'.

hus^te' vs. to be crippled. Jack ksuya'pi c^ha wana' hus^te'. Jack got hurt and now he is crippled. Hus^te' pi ki~ sagye' u~ ma'ni pi. Crippled people walk with a stick. Winu'h^c^ala hus^te' ki~ u~'s^ika pi. Crippled old women are pitiful. 1s: mahu's^te 'I am crippled'. 1p: u~hu's^te pi 'we are crippled'. Redup: hus^te's^te.

hu'ta n. root.

hu~'kA s^ni vs. 1) to be weak. Le' wakha'lyapi hu~'ke s^ni. This coffee is too weak. Wakha'lyapi hu~'ke s^ni wah^te'wala s^ni. I don't like weak coffee. 1s: mahu~'ke s^ni 'I am weak'. 1p: u~hu~'ka pi s^ni 'we are weak'. 2) to be dying. Leks^i'waye ki~ hu~'ke s^ni. My uncle is dying.

Hu~'kpaphaya n. Hunkpapa Sioux, Standing Rock Sioux. Hu~'kpaphaya wa~ hi~gna'ye. She married a Hunkpapa. Nihu~'kpaphaya pi he? Are you Standing Rock Sioux?

hu~ska' n. legging.

hu~ya'khu~ n. sock, stocking.

i'1 n. mouth, both inside and outside.

i'2 va. to arrive at a place away from here. Paul eha~'ni iya'ya c^ha wana' i' se'c^e. Paul left already and he is probably there by now. 1s: wa?i' 'I arrived there'. 1p: u~ki' pi 'we arrived there'.

ic^a'kse n. axe. See also: nazu~'spe.

ic^a'mna vimp. to snow. Ha~?o'pta ic^a'mna c^ha wana' li'la wasme'. It snowed the whole night through, and now the snow is very deep.

ic^a'mnapi n. snowing, snow. Ic^a'mnapi ec^e' ec^hu~'. All it does is snow.

ic^u' vt. 1) take. Mi'la ki~ tuwa' ic^u' he? Who took the knife? Phez^u'ta ki~ iya'c^u ki~ was^te'. You better take the medicine. 1s: iwa'c^u 'I took him, it'. 1p: u~ki'c^u pi 'we took him, it, he took us, they took us'. 2) to get, to receive. Wo'wapi mitha'wa ki~ iya'c^u he? Did you get (receive) my letter?

ic^ha'g^A vs. to grow, to be grown up. H^eya'ta ima'c^hag^e I grew up out in the country. Hoks^i'la ki~ li'la ic^ha'h^ a'ya pi lah^. The boys are certainly growing. He' obla'ye ki~ e'l phez^i' o'ta ic^ha'g^e. There is a lot of grass growing on that flat. Eha~'ni ic^ha'g^e ki~ oho'wic^hala pi yo! Respect older people! 1s: ima'c^hag^e 'I grew up'. 1p: u~ki'c^hag^a pi 'we grew up'.

ic^hi~' conj. because, for, for you see. Ta'kuwe oz^a~'z^a~glepi ki~ iyu'ha yug^a~'g^a~ ha~ he? Ic^hi~' thima' okha'te c^ha he' u~. Why are all the windows open? Because it is hot in the house, that's why.

ic^?i~' n. harness.

iglu'k?eg^A vrefl. scratch oneself, as when itching. Maya's^puya c^ha miglu'k?eg^e. I am scratching because I itch. 1s: miglu'k?eg^e 'I scratch myself'. 1p: u~ki'gluk?eg^a pi 'we scratch ourselves'.

igmu'la n. domestic cat.

igmu'tha~ka n. mountain lion. Lit: 'big cat'.

ig^a'g^a n. whetstone, grindstone.

ig^u'g^a n. a rocky place.

iha' n. the lips, without differentiation of the upper and lower members. See also: phute'.

iha~'blA va. to dream. Ha~he'pi c^ha~'na iya'ha~bla he? Do you dream at night? 1s: iwa'ha~ble 'I dreamed'. 1p: u~ki'ha~bla pi 'we dreamed'.

Iha~'kthu~wa~ n. Yankton Sioux. Lit: '(those) dwelling at the end'. Iha~'kthu~wa~ ki~ Lake Andes e'l thi' pi. The Yanktons live at Lake Andes (South Dakota). Iha~'kthu~wa~ heni'c^ha he? Are you a Yankton?

ihu'pa n. handle.

ih^a' va. to smile. Hoks^i'c^ala ki~ ih^a' ya~ka' he. The baby is sitting there smiling. 1s: iwa'h^a 'I smile'. 1p: u~ki'h^a pi 'we smile'.

ih^?e' n. rock. See also: i~'ya~.

ikc^e'ya wo'glakA va. an everyday style of speaking characterized with shortcuts: slurring, shortening words, and so on. See also: yat?i~'sya wo'glakA.

ikto' n. spider; Ikto, the trickster. See i~kto'.

ikto'mi n. spider; Iktomi, the trickster. See i~kto'mi.

ikhu' n. chin.

ikhu'hi~ n. beard. Lit: 'chin hair'.

ikhu's^a~' n. mink. Lit: 'white chin'.

ile' vs. to be burning, to be on fire. Wana' phe'ta ki~ ile'. Now the fire is burning. Pheti'z^a~z^a~ye ile' ki~ eta~' ona'. The grass fire started from the burning lamp. 1s: ima'le 'I am on fire'. 1p: u~ki'le pi 'we are on fire'. Redup: ile'le.

ima's?iyaphe n. hammer. Lit: 'what metal (nails) is (are) hit with'.

ina' n. mother, my mother. Ina', wo'wapi wa~ iye'waye. Mother, I found a book. Usage: This is a term of address used for one's mother and her sisters. See also: mama'.

ina'h^mA va. to hide. Tukte'l ina'yah^ma he? Where are you hiding? Tukte'l ina'h^me. He is hiding somewhere. Tukte'l e'?inah^ma yo! Run and hide somewhere! Thiyo'pa ila'zata ina'wah^me. I hid behind the door. 1s: ina'wah^me 'I am hiding'. 1p: u~ki'nah^ma pi, ina'?u~h^ma pi 'we are hiding'.

ina'h^ni va. to hurry. Wana' the'ha~. Ina'?u~h^ni pi kte he'c^ha. It is getting late. We'd better hurry. 1s: ina'wah^ni 'I am hurrying'. 1p: u~ki'nah^ni pi, ina'?u~h^ni pi 'we are hurrying'.

— adv. hurriedly, quickly, without losing time. Ina'h^ni mas?o'phiye ekta' mi'c^iya yo! Go to the store for me quickly! To'khiya ina'h^ni la' he? Where are you hurrying to?

ina'yA~' vt. to have as mother. 1s: ina'waye 'I have her as mother'. 1p: ina'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as mother, he/she has us as mothers, they have us as mothers'.

ina'z^i~ va. 1) to stand up. Wi~'ya~ ki~ ya~ka' ha~ yu~'kha~, ina'z^i~. The woman was sitting down, but then she stood up. 1s: ina'waz^i~ 'I stood up'. 1p: u~ki'naz^i~ pi 'we stood up'. 2) to go up to and stop. Oz^a~'z^a~glepi isa'khib ina'z^i~ yo! Go stand by the window! Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke stop signs e'l ina'z^i~ kte he'c^ha. Cars should stop at stop signs. 3) to stop spontaneously (referring to mechanical devices such as motors, engines, clocks). Ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' ki~ ina'z^i~. The clock has stopped.

i'puza vs. to be thirsty. Lit: 'to be dry mouthed'. 1s: i'mapu'za 'I am thirsty'. 1p: i'?u~pu'za pi 'we are thirsty'.

i'phi vs. to be full, to be satisfied with eating. Ta~ya~' i'maphi'. Phila'mayaye. I am satisfied (I am full). Thank you. I'niphi' he? Are you full (are you satisfied)? 1s: i'maphi' 'I am full, I am satisfied with eating'. 1p: i'?u~phi' pi 'we are full, we are satisfied with eating'.

iphi'yaka n. belt.

isa'khib postp. beside. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ thi'pi ki~ isa'khib na'z^i~. The car is parked beside the house. Ni'sakhib maka' he'c^i? Shall I sit beside you?

Isa~'yethi n. Santee Sioux. Nisa~'yethi he? Are you a Santee? Isa~'yethi ki~ ohi'ya pi. The Santees won.

isla'ye n. salve, ointment.

isto' n. arm.

is^ka'hu n. ankle.

is^la'yeta~ vs. to be right-handed. Is^la'yeta~ u~ wo'wa. He writes with his right-hand. Usage: Lakhota speakers prefer to use is^la'yeta~ with a verb; as "he writes right-handed" rather than saying "he is right-handed". Compare this with c^hatka' "to be left-handed". 1s: ima's^layeta~ 'I am right-handed'. 1p: u~ki's^layeta~ pi 'we are right-handed'.

is^pa' n. elbow.

is^ta' n. eye.

is^ta'h^e n. eyebrow.

is^ta'nic^atha~'ka n. swallow (bird).

is^ta'?otho' vs. to have a black eye. 1s: is^ta'?oma'tho 'my eye is black, I have a black eye'. 1p: is^ta'?u~ko'tho pi 'we have a black eye'.

Is^ta'wic^ha'yaza~piwi' n. march. Lit: 'the month of sore eyes. This refers to the high incidence of snow blindness in the old days at this particular period of late winter ‑- early spring.'. Is^ta'wic^ha'yaza~piwi' e'yas^, ec^ha~'ni a~pe'tu was^te's^te. It is awfully warm for March. [This literally means: "Although it is March, the days are good earlier (than expected).] Is^ta'wic^ha'yaza~piwi' c^ha~'na eya' s^na os^i'c^ec^a. The weather in March is bad now and then. March is usually bad.

is^te'lyA vt. to embarrass someone, to shame someone. Mic^hi~'c^a ki~ waya'tka~ pi s?a c^ha is^te'lmaya~ pi. My children are drunkards and they shame me. Is^te'lniya~ he? Did he embarrassed you? Did he insult you? 1s: is^te'lwaye 'I embarrassed him'. 1p: is^te'l?u~ya~ pi 'we embarrassed him, he embarrassed us, they embarrassed us'.

is^ti'mA vs. to sleep. Wana' the'ha~ nis^ti'me s^ni, c^ha hu'nista'ka ite'ke. You haven't slept much lately and you must be tired Variant: is^ti~'mA. 1s: mis^ti'me 'I slept'. 2s: nis^ti'me 'you slept'. 1p: u~ki'stima pi 'we slept'.

i's^timaha~pi n. eyelashes.

Ita'zibc^ho' n. Sans Arc Sioux, No Bow Sioux. Lit: 'without bows.'. Ita'zibc^ho' ki~ Mnikho'woz^u thi'pi e'l thi' pi. The Sans Arc live on the Cheyenne River Reservation Ita'zibc^ho' heni'c^ha he? Are you a Sans Arc? The French name ("Sans Arc") has the same meaning.

ita'zipa n. bow (weapon).

ite' n. face.

ite'kA vs. to be likely. Ha~he'pi ki~ mag^a'z^u kte ite'ke. It is likely to rain tonight. Robert yi~' kte ite'ke. It is likely that Robert will go. Wac^hi' ni' kta he? Ima'teke. Are you going dancing? I might (I am likely to go.) Ini'teka he? Dou you think you might? Usage: Ite'kA is ordinarily used in an impersonal sense only, but it is occasionally found with stative verb affixes.

itka' n. testicle, testes, balls.

ito'kag^ata n. south.

ito'wapi n. picture.

Itha'wa vs. to belong to, to be one's possession; to possess, to be the owner of. He' iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ nitha'wa he? Is that car yours? Wo'wapi mitha'wa ki~ tukte'l ya~ka' he? Where is my book? 1s: mitha'wa 'it is mine'. 1p: u~ki'thawa pi 'it is ours'. 1s-2s: nimi'thawa 'you are mine, I am yours (only context can indicate which meaning is appropriate)'.

itho' adv. I think, I might, I guess, etc. Itho' wahi'. I just dropped in. Itho' othu~'wahe ekta' mni' kte. I guess I'll go to town. Usage: Itho' is an adverb, not a verb, as suggested by the English equivalents. See also itho'c^hes^, whose meaning and use are the same as itho', except that itho' is not so strong.

itho'c^hes^ adv. I think, I might, I guess, etc. Itho'c^hes^ oma'ni mni' kte. I think I'll go for a walk. Itho'c^hes^ wahi'. I came for the hell of it, I came for no particular reason. Itho'c^hes^ oma'ni u~ya~' he'c^i? Shall we go for a walk, you and I? He wic^ha's^a itho'c^hes^ hi'. That man came for no particular reason. Usage: Itho'c^hes^ is used most frequently in sentences in which the speaker refers to himself. It is never used in sentences about second person ("you"). Itho'c^hes^ is a contraction of Itho' and ec^he's^. It is difficult to give an exact translation of itho'c^hes^ since it expresses emotions or attitudes which are most clear from the whole situation in which the word is used. Itho'c^hes^ is an adverb, not a verb, as suggested by the English equivalents. See also: itho'.

— interj. to hell with it! Itho'c^hes^! Wagni' kte. To hell with it! I'll go back home. Usage: Interjection of disgust and displeasure at being ignored. Itho'c^hes^ is very strong.

ithu'hu n. forehead.

ithu~'kala n. mouse.

ithu~'kasa~' n. weasel. See ithu~'kasa~'la.

ithu~'kasa~'la n. weasel. Variant: ithu~'kasa~'.

iwa'ziyata~ha~ postp. to the north from. Pierre ki~ iwa'ziyata~ha~ na Mni's^os^e ki~ iwi'yoh^peyata~ha~ ya~ke'. It's (located) north of Pierre and west of the Missouri River.' See also: iwi'yoh^peyata~ha~, wazi'yata.

iwi'yoh^peyata~ha~ postp. to the west from. Pierre ki~ iwa'ziyata~ha~ na Mni's^os^e ki~ iwi'yoh^peyata~ha~ ya~ke'. It's (located) north of Pierre and west of the Missouri River.' See also: iwa'ziyata~ha~, wi'yoh^peyata.

iyA' vt. to speak. Wic^ha's^a ki~ he' iye' s^ni. That man doesn't speak (i.e. he is dumb). Wana's^ ic^ha'g^e e'yas^, be'bela iye'. She is grown up, but she talks baby talk. Psa'loka iya'ya he? Do you speak Crow? 1s: iwa'ye 'I spoke'. 1p: u~ki'ya pi 'we spoke'.

iya'yA va. 1) to leave a place away from here in order to go somewhere else. Toha~'l ka'khiya ila'ni kta he? When will you leave for there? Ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' to'na k?u~ he'ha~ Pierre eta~' iya'ya pi he? When did they leave (from) Pierre? Usage: Iya'yA can not be used when the departure is in this direction. Instead of ibla'mni kte and ila'ni kte some speakers say ibla'bli~ kte and ila'ni kte. 1s: ibla'ble 'I left to go there'. 1p: u~ki'yaya pi 'we left to go there'. 1s-Fut: ibla'mni kte 'I will leave to go there'. 2s-Fut: ila'ni kte 'you will leave to go there'. 2) to start (of motors and engines). Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ iya'ye s^ni. The car didn't start.

Iye' pred. 1) to be the one. 1s: miye' 'I am the one'. 1p: u~ki'ye pi 'we are the ones'. 2) to be the one to decide. 1s: miye' 'I am the one to decide'. 1p: u~ki'ye pi 'we are the ones to decide'.

iye'c^hec^a vimp. ought to. Taku~'l ec^ha'mu kta iye'c^hec^a. I ought to do something.

iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke n. car, automobile. Lit: 'it runs by itself'.

iye'yA vt. find. S^u~'kawakha~' ki~ iye'wic^hayaya pi he? Did you find the horses? Tukte'l iye'niya~ pi he? Where did they find you? 1s: iye'waye 'I found him, it'. 1p: iye'?u~ya~ pi 'we found him, it, he found us, they found us'.

iyo'c^as^ke n. buttons.

iyo'katkug^e n. bolt, screw. See also: wa?i'yokatkug^e.

iyo'k?i~pa n. cradleboard.

i'yotakA va. to sit down. I'yotaka pi yo! Sit down! Oya'te ki~ oya's?i~ e'yotake. All (of) the people sat down. "Thatha~'ka I'yotake" Was^i'c^uya "Sitting bull" kha'. Thatha~'ka I'yotake means "Sitting Bull" in English. 1s: i'blotake 'I sat down'. 1p: u~ki'yotaka pi 'we sat down'.

iyu'kc^a~ vt. to think so, to have the opinion that. ni' kta ilu'kc^a~ he? Do you think you'll go? 1s: iblu'kc^a~ 'I think that...'. 1p: u~ki'yukc^a~ pi 'we think that...'.

iyu~'kA va. 1) to go to bed. Ha~he'pi ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' to'na k?u~ he'ha~ inu'ka he? What time did you go to bed last night? Wakha~'yez^a ki~ naha~'h^c^i iyu~'ka pi s^ni he? Have the children gone to bed yet? 1s: imu'ke 'I went to bed'. 1p: u~ki'yu~ka pi 'we went to bed'. 2) to lie down. Igmu'la ki~ oyu~'ke ki~ e'l yi~' na iyu~'ke. The cat went and lay down on the bed. Makhu'z^e ke; itho'c^hes^ owa'toha~ya~ imu'ki~ kte. I feel kind of sick; I think I'll lie down for awhile.

ka' pron. that yonder, that one yonder. Ka' paha' ki~ (Paha' ki~ ka') leta~' makhi'yuthapi za'pta~ ya~ke'. That hill is five miles from here. Ka' wa~la'ka he? Do you see that one?

kaka' n. grandpa. Usage: This is a term of address. See also: thu~ka's^ila.

ka'khi adv. over yonder, over there. Usage: Conversational variant of ka'khiya.

ka'khiya adv. over yonder; over there; in, at, or to that general area over yonder. Ka'khiya mni' kte. I am going over yonder. Usage: Ka'khiya is often shortened to ka'khi.

ka'l adv. there; yonder; in, at, or to that place over yonder. Wakha~'yez^a ki~ ka'l s^ka'ta pi. The children are playing over there.

kana' pron. those yonder, those ones yonder. Kana' paha' ki~ (Paha' ki~ kana') leta~' makhi'yuthapi za'pta~ ya~ke'. Those hills are five miles from here. Kana' othe'h^ike. Those ones over there are expensive. Usage: Kana' is the plural form of ka'.

kapsu~' vt. to cause a liquid to pour out or spill by striking. Z^a~z^a~' ki~ e'kah^taka yu~'kha~, mni' ki~ kapsu~'. She bumped the glass and spilled the water. See also: papsu~'. 1s: waka'spu~ 'I bumped it and spilled it'. 1p: u~ka'psu~ pi 'we bumped it and spilled it'.

kapho'papi n. soda, pop, soft drink. Lit: '(what) burst open with a pop'.

kas^le'cA vt. to split longitudinally by striking (as wood with an axe). C^ha~' o'ta kas^le's^lec^e. He split a lot of wood. C^ha~' wa~ kas^le'c^e. He split a piece of wood. 1s: waka's^lec^e 'I split it'. 1p: u~ka's^lec^a pi 'we split it'.

kas^pa'pi okhi'se n. nickel, five cents. Lit: 'half dime'.

kata~' adv. from over there. Paha' kata~' mi'yoglas?i~ hiyu'ye. He signalled from that hill with a mirror. Kata~' is a contraction of ka' [that (one) yonder] and eta~', eta~'ha~ (from).

kawe'g^A vt. to break in two by striking with a tool. C^ha~bla'ska ki~ kawe'g^e. He hit the board and broke it. 1s: waka'weg^e 'I hit it and broke it in two'. 1p: u~ka'weg^a pi 'we hit it and broke it in two'.

kaye'g^A vt. to sew. Ina' o'gle wa~ kaye'g^e. My mother sewed a shirt. Usage: Kaye'g^A refers to the sewing together two surfaces. It is not used when speaking of applique work or sewing moccasin soles to uppers. 1s: waka'yeg^e 'I sewed'. 1p: u~ka'yeg^a pi 'we sewed'.

ka~' vs. to be old. Mitha'ha~pa ki~ wana' ka~' la. My shoes are worn out. (Humorous.) S^u~n^wi~'yela ki~ he' wana' ka~'. That mare is old now. Ka~' ki~ hu~'h^ hus^te' pi. Some old people limp. 1s: maka~' 'I am old'. 1p: u~ka~' pi 'we are old'. Redup: ka~ka~'.

ke'yA vt. to say (that) (indirect speech). S^u~'kawakha~' eya' owi'c^hale ke'ye. He said he was looking for some horses. 1s: kephe' 'I said that'. 2s: kehe' 'you said that'. 1p: ke'?u~keya pi 'we said that'.

ki det. the. See ki~.

kic^hi' postp. together with, in the company of. Hi~'ha~ni Mary c^huwe'ku kic^hi' wa~bla'ke. I saw Mary this morning with her older sister. Kic^hi' maya'?u kta he? Are you coming with me? Kic^hi' maya~'ka yo! Sit with me! Usage: Kic^hi' is used only when two persons or things are involved, both having equal importance.

kic^hu' vd. to back to, to return something to someone. C^ha~ha~'pi oki'lote e'yas^, kic^hu' s^ni. She borrowed some sugar from her, but she didn't return it. To'ks^a hi~'ha~ni ki~ ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' kic^hi'c^hu kte. I'll give your watch back to you tomorrow. 1s: we'c^hu 'I gave it back to him'. 1p: u~ki'c^hu pi 'we gave it back to him, he gave it back to us, they gave it back to us'.

kiksu'yA vt. to remember. Wana' c^hi'ksuye. Now I remember you. Maye'ksuya he? Do you remember me? 1s: we'ksuye 'I remember hit, it'. 1p: u~ki'ksuya pi 'we remembered him, it, he remembered us, they remembered us.'.

kikta' va. 1) to get up. Hi~'ha~ni wato'ha~l ye'kta he? About what time did you get up this morning? Wana' kikta' pi kta he'c^ha. It's time to get up. Kikta' i'yotaka yo! Phez^u'ta ki~ c^hi'c^hu kte. Sit up! I will give you your medicine. 1s: we'kta 'I got up'. 1p: u~ki'kta pi 'we got up'. 2) to wake up. A~pe'tu iyo'hila ec^ha'kc^ha~ni we'kta. I wake up early every day.

kimi'mila n. butterfly.

kipa~' vt. to shout at someone to attract attention. C^ha~ku' ikho'wakata~ha~ u~ki'pa~ pi. They called us from across the street. 1s: waki'pa~ 'I yelled at him'. 1p: u~ki'pa~ pi 'we yelled at him, he yelled at us, they yelled at us'.

kis^to' encl. Particle which indicates an assertion spoken by a woman. It is usually pronounced ks^to'. Hi~'ha~ni ki~ wasna' waka'g^i~ kte kis^to'. Tomorrow I am going to make wasna'. See also: ks^to', ks^t.

kiwa's^ic^u n. assimilated native Indian, urban Indian. Lit: 'one who has become White'. Variant: kiwa's^ic^u~.

ki~ det. the. S^u~'kawakha~' ki~ i'puza pi. The horses are thirsty. Hoks^i'la ki~ le' wani'yetu wikc^e'mna. This boy is ten years old. Usage: Ki~ is often used in Lakhota where there is no direct equivalent in English. Variant: ki.

ki~yA~' va. to fly. Wani'yetu c^ha~'na zi~tka'la ki~ ki~ya~' khigla' pi. Birds fly away in the winter. U~z^i~'c^ala ki~ naha~'h^c^i ki~ya~ pi s^ni. The baby birds are not flying yet. Waki~'ya~ owa'kihi ni'. I wish I could fly. 1s: waki~'ye 'I fly'. 1p: u~ki~'ya~ pi 'we fly'.

ki~ye'khiyapi n. airplane. Lit: 'they make them fly'.

ksu'yeyA vt. to hurt, to cause pain to someone. To'na ksu'yewic^haya pi he? How many got hurt? Tuwa' ksu'yeniya~ he? Who hurt you? Usage: Ksu'yeyA can refer to either physical or mental pain. 1s: ksu'yewaye 'I hurt him'. 1p: ksu'ye?u~ya~ pi 'we hurt him, he hurt us, they hurt us'.

ks^t encl. Particle which indicates assertion spoken by a man.. Ini'la, be'bela ki~ is^ti'me ks^t. Quiet, the baby is sleeping. See also: ks^to'.

ks^to' encl. Conversational variant of kis^to'.

ktA encl. Particle which indicates a potential (not yet real) action or state. It often corresponds to English future.. S^u~h^pa'la wa~z^i' u~k?u' pi kte. They are going to give us a puppy. Yi~' kta ke'ye. He said he would go. Lakho'ta kta c^hi~'. He would like to be an Indian.

kte' vt. 1) to slaughter. Pte kte' ha~ pi. They are slaughtering cattle. 1s: wakte' 'I slaughtered him'. 1p: u~kte' pi 'we slaughtered him'. 2) to kill. H^ta'leha~ wic^ha's^a nu'm wic^ha'kte pi. Yesterday two men were killed. S^u~n^ma'nitu to'na wic^ha'yakte he? How many coyotes did you kill?

ma interj. Ma li'la okha'te! Gee, it sure is hot! Usage: Exclamatory word used by women.

mag^a' n. duck. See also: mag^a'ksic^a.

mag^a'ksic^a n. duck. See also: mag^a'.

mag^a's^apa n. goose. Lit: 'dirty duck'.

mag^a'z^u n. rain. Mag^a'z^u ki~ sni'. The rain is cold.

— vimp. to rain. Ha~he'pi ki~ u~gna' mag^a'z^u kte se'c^e. Maybe it will rain tonight.

mah^pi'ya n. cloud, sky, heaven.

mah^pi'yaya vimp. to be cloudy. Le' a~pe'tu ki~ mah^pi'yaya. It is cloudy today. This is the reduplicated form of mah^pi'ya.

maka' n. skunk.

makha' n. earth; dust. Makha' ki~ wi' ki~ i'sa~m tha~'ka. The earth is bigger than the moon. Ite' makha' ic^hi'paps^aps^a kte. I'll wipe your face in the dirt (This is an insult.) Makha' is^ta' oma'khablu Dirt blew in my eyes.

makha'blu n. soil. Le'l makha'blu ki~ s^i'c^e. The soil is poor here.

makha'?iyu'blu n. plow. Lit: 'instrument for pulverizing earth'.

makha'yublu' va. to plow. Lit: 'to plow the earth'. We'tu c^ha~'na makha'?u~yu'blu pi. We plow in the spring. 1s: makha'blublu' 'I plow'. 1p: makha'?u~yu'blu pi 'we plow'.

makhi'was^pe n. spade.

makhi'zita n. river.

makho'c^he n. land, country.

makhu' n. chest, breast. Usage: Makhu' is not used of female breasts. See also: aze'.

mama' n. mama. Usage: This is a term of address. See also: ina'.

ma'ni va. to walk. Hoks^i'c^ala ki~ naha'h^c^i ma'ni s^ni. The baby doesn't walk yet. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ wi'gli naso'ta c^ha ma?u~'ni pi kte he'c^ha. The car is out of gas and we'll have to walk. Khu'z^e kac^?u~' ma'ni oki'hi s^ni. The man is too sick to walk. 1s: mawa'ni 'I walk'. 1p: ma?u~'ni pi 'we walk'.

manu' vt. to steal. Tuwa' mitha'?iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ manu'. Someone stole my car. Wakha~'yez^a ki~ he' ma'zaska' manu' welo'. That child steals money. 1s: mawa'nu 'I stole it'. 1p: ma?u~'nu pi 'we stole it'.

maswo'?ilake n. tool. See ma'zawo'?ilake.

mas?a'pha n. telephone, telegraph.

mas?o'phiye n. store. Lit: 'metal box. (The reference is apparently to the cash box (cash register).'.

mas^te' vimp. to be warm and sunny. Le' a~pe'tu ki~ li'la mas^te's^te. It's very sunny today. Usage: Mas^te' can not be used as a noun modifier. Redup: mas^te's^te.

mas^ti~'c^ala n. rabbit. See also: mas^ti'Nska, mas^ti~'sapa.

mas^ti~'c^aphute' n. buffalo berry, buffalo berries. Lit: 'rabbit snouts'.

mas^ti~'c^athawo'yute n. lettuce. Lit: 'rabbit food'.

mas^ti~'sapa n. cottontail rabbit. Lit: 'black rabbit'. See also: mas^ti~'c^ala, mas^ti~'ska, si~te'sa'pela.

mas^ti~'ska n. jackrabbit. Lit: 'white rabbit'. See also: mas^ti~'c^ala, mas^ti~'sapa.

matho' n. bear.

matho'h^o'ta n. grizzly bear. Lit: 'gray bear'.

maya' n. cliff, bluff, bank.

maya'slec^a n. coyote. See also: s^u~n^ma'nitu.

ma'za n. 1) metal. Ma'za ki~ tketke'. Metals are heavy. 2) iron. C^he'g^a ki~ le' ma'za u~ ka'g^a pi. This kettle is made of iron.

ma'zaska' n. 1) silver. Lit: 'white metal'. Usage: Some persons say ma'zaska'ska for silver. 2) money. Ma'zaska' eta~' luha' he? Do you have any money? 3) dollar. Ma'zaska' wa~z^i' iye'waye. I found a dollar.

ma'zaska'ska n. silver. See also: ma'zaska'.

ma'zaska'zi n. gold. Lit: 'yellow silver'.

ma'zas^a' n. penny. Lit: 'red metal'. Variant: ma'zas^a'la.

ma'zas^a'la n. penny. See ma'zas^a.

ma'zawakha~' n. rifle, gun. Lit: 'wonderful metal'.

ma'zawo'?ilake n. Lit: 'metal utensil'.

mi'la n. knife.

Mi'laha~'ska n. White American (usually a military person). Lit: 'long knife'. Mi'laha~'ska aki'c^ita ki~ waya'ka iwi'c^hac^u pi. The American soldiers were taken prisoner. Mi'laha~'ska ki~ o'b kic^hi'za pi. They fought with the Americans. Mi'laha~ska heni'c^ha he? Are you an American? The name refers to the sabers once worn by U.S. solders.

Mi'laha~'ska Thama'khoc^he n. United States. Lit: 'Land of the Long Knives.'. See also: Mi'laha~'ska.

mima' vs. to be round (circular). Z^a~z^a~' ki~ mima' he? Ha~', mime'la. Is the bottle round? Yes, it is round. See also: gmigma', mime'la. Redup: mima'ma.

mima'ya~ adv. circular, in a circular. Mima'ya~ ka'g^a yo! Make it circular! (Instruction to Sun Dancers.)

mime'la vs. to be round (spherical). Ma'zaska' mimi'mela. Coins are round Ma~'lewa~' theh^pi' mime'la wa~ bluha' ye. Oh look, I do have a round piece of leather. See also: gmigme'la, mima'. Redup: mimi'mela.

misu~' n. my younger brother. Usage: This is a term of address used by a speaker of either sex.

mi's^?eya' pron. I, too; me, too. See mi's^?eya~'.

mi's^?eya~' pron. I, too; me, too. Mi's^?eya~' bla' wac^hi~'. I want to go, too. Mi's^?eya~' wa~ma'ya~ke. He saw me, too. Variant: mi's^?eya', mi's^?i~ya~', mi's^?iya~'.

mi's^?iya~' pron. I, too; me, too. See mi's^?eya~'.

mi's^?i~ya~' pron. I, too; me, too. See mi's^?eya~'.

Miwa'tha~ni n. Mandan Indian. Miwa'tha~ni heni'c^ha he? Are you a Mandan?

mi'yoglas?i~ n. mirror.

mna' vs. to have an unpleasant odor. S^u~'ka ki~ le' li'la mna'. That dog stinks Sewi'mna. It smells like fish. Makha'sapa mna'. The pond stinks (the pond stinks of muck, of slime). H^u~wi~' mna'. It (meat) smells putrid. Usage: In most cases mna' is used with another element to characterize the smell more closely. See also: s^ic^a'mna. 1s: mamna' 'I smell'. 1p: u~mna' pi 'we smell'. Redup: mnamna'.

mni' n. water.

mni' kte va. I will go. See yA'.

mnic^?a'pi n. well (water). Lit: 'dug water'.

mnih^u'ha n. cloth; material, goods.

mnih^u'hakhakha'ka n. paper. Lit: 'rustling cloth'.

mni?i'pathaz^a n. waterpump. Lit: 'what water is forced up with'.

Mnikho'wa~z^u n. Minneconjou Sioux, Cheyenne River Sioux. Mnikho'wa~z^u ki~ tukte'l thi' pi he? Where do Minneconjous live? Mnikho'wa~z^u hema'c^ha. I am a Minneconjou Sioux. Variant: Mnikho'woz^u.

Mnikho'woz^u n. Minneconjou Sioux, Cheyenne River Sioux. See Mnikho'wa~z^u.

Mnilu'zahe Othu~'wahe n. Rapid City, South Dakota. Lit: 'rapid city'.

mnina'thakapi n. reservoir, dam.

mnipi'g^a n. beer. Lit: 'boiling water'. (This refers to the effervescence in the beer resulting from its carbonation.).

mnisku'ya n. salt. Lit: 'sweet water'.

mnisni' n. sweet water.

mnis^a' n. wine. Lit: 'red liquid'.

Mni's^os^e n. Missouri River. Lit: 'turbid (muddy) water'. Leta~' to'khi e'tkiya Mni's^os^e ki~ h^pa'ya he? Which way is the Missouri River from here?

mnis^?e's^?e vimp. to sprinkle. Li'la mag^a'z^u k?u~ he' aki'sni na wana' ec^e'la mnis^?e's^?e. The hard rain has stopped and now it's only sprinkling.

mnitha~'ka n. body of water. Mnitha~'ka wa~ ka'l ya~ke'. There is a body of water over there.

mni'wakha~ n. whiskey. Lit: 'wonderful water'.

na1 conj. and. S^u~'kawakha~' na ptegle's^ka kho' wic^hu~'yuha pi. We have horses and cattle, too. C^hewa'thi na lol?i'wah^?a~. I built a fire and cooked a meal. See also: naha~'.

na'2 interj. here (take this)! Na', thalo' eta~' ic^u' we. Here, take some meat! Na', phez^u'ta ki~ le' yatka~' yo! Here, drink this medicine! Usage: na' is spoken when handing something to someone.

nabh^a'hu~ka n. thumb.

nab?i~'kpa n. glove. Lit: 'finger ends'. a reference to the shape of gloves.

nab?o'kas^ke n. wrist. Lit: 'place where something is tied at the hand'.

nab?o'kazu~te n. finger, including the metacarpals (those bones which continue from the fingers through the hand.).

nac^he'c^A vimp. to be probable, to be likely. Wahe'ha~l ma'zaska' mani'c^i~ kta nac^he'c^e. I'll likely be out of money by then. Usage: This impersonal verb indicates that a speaker considers his statement to be probably true. It is used like a sentence-final enclitic.

naha~' conj. and. He' k?u' naha~' heha~'l akhe' iki'kc^u. He gave it to him, and then he took it back again. See also: na.

naha~'h^c^i adv. still. Naha~'h^c^i wac^hi' ha~ pi he? Are they still dancing? Naha~'h^c^i wo'ta ha~ pi he? Are they still eating?

naha~'h^c^i....s^ni adv. yet. Naha~'h^c^i waya'ta s^ni he? Did you eat yet? Hoks^i'c^ala ki~ naha~'h^c^i ma'ni s^ni. The baby doesn't walk yet.

nah^mA' vt. to hide, to conceal. Ma'zaska' ki~ tukte'l naya'h^ma he? Where did he hide the money? Ptewi~'yela ki~ ptehi~'c^ala ki~ nawi'c^hakih^ma pi. Mother cows hide their calves. 1s: nawa'h^ma 'I hide him, it'. 1p: na?u~'h^ma pi 'we hide him, it, he hides us, they hide us'.

nah^ta'kA vt. to kick. Jim thas^u~'ke ki~ nah^ta'ke. Jim's horse kicked him. Ta'kuwe nama'yah^taka he? Why did you kick me? 1s: nawa'h^take 'I kick him, it'. 1p: na?u~'h^taka pi 'we kicked him, it, he kicked us they kicked us'.

nah^?u~' vt. 1) to hear. Hi~'ha~ni radio ogna' nawa'h^?u~. I heard it on the radio this morning. 1s: nawa'h^?u~ 'I heard him, it'. 1p: na?u~'h^?u~ pi 'we heard him, it, he heard us, they heard us'. 2) to obey. nama'yah^?u~ s^ni ki~ c^hic^a'saksaki~ kte. If you don't obey me I will whip you. (This threat would not usually be carried out by a parent against a child.)

na?i~'s^ conj. or. Thaspa~' tha~'ka na?i~'s^ c^i'k?ala wa~z^i' yac^hi~' he? Do you want a big apple or a small one? Ani'phi~ na?i~'s^ nani'h^taka he? Did he hit you or kick you?

nakpa' n. ear of an animal. Mas^ti~'c^ala ki~ nakpa' ha~'skaska yukha~' pi. Rabbits have long ears.

naku~' conj. also, as well, besides. Wi~'ya~ eya' hi' pi na naku~' wakha~'yez^a eya' hi' pi. Some women came and also some children came. He' wic^ha's^a ki~ naku~ mnipi'g^a eya' ahi'. That man also brought some beer. (That is, others brought beer and that man brought beer, too.) Usage: naku~' is used to coordinate verbs.

napc^i~'yu~ka num. nine. Redup: napc^i~'yu~n^yu~ka, napc^i~'yu~gyu~ka.

— vs. to be nine. U~na'pc^i~yu~ka pi. There are nine of us. C^hi~c^a' pi napc^i~'yu~ka pi. They have nine children. (Lit. Their children are nine in number.)

nape' n. hand. 1s: mana'pe, mina'pe 'my hand'.

nasu' n. brain. See nasu'la.

nasu'la n. brain. Variant: nasu'. 1s: mana'sula, mina'sula.

nata' n. head. Nata' na lote' maya'za~. My head is aching and my throat is sore. 1s: mana'ta, mina'ta 'my head'.

nata'yaza~'pi phez^u'ta n. aspirin. Lit: 'head ache medicine'. See also: si~kpe'thawo'te.

nat?A' va./vs. to die by foot action, to be smashed underfoot, to be run over. Hi~'ha~ni s^u~h^pa'la u~ki'thawa pi ki~ nat?e'. Our puppy was run over this morning. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke u~ nat?e. He got run over and killed by a car. 1s: nama't?i~ kte 'he will step on me and kill me'. 1p: na?u~'t?a pi kte 'we will be run over'.

nawa'te n. temple, side of the head.

nazu~'spe n. axe. See also: ic^a'kse.

na'z^i~ va. 1) to stand. See also: ina'z^i~. 1s: nawa'z^i~ 'I stand'. 1p: na?u~'z^i~ pi 'we stand'. 2) to be standing. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke nitha'wa ki~ tukte'l na'z^i~ he? Where is your car? Usage: Na'z^i~ is used in this sense of 'to be' only with iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke.

naz^u'te n. nape of the neck and the lower part of the back of the head.

ni'c^A vs. to be lacking an intimate possession. Ma'zaska' mani'c^e. I don't have any money C^ha~' u~ni'c^a pi. We're out of wood. Usage: Some persons habitually use s^ni with ni'c^A, although the meaning is actually negative without s^ni. 1s: mani'c^e 'I do not have (it)'. 1p: u~ni'c^a pi 'we don't have (it)'.

nig^e' n. entrails, guts. Usage: nig^e' refers to all of the internal organs used for digestion and excretion.

nise'hu n. lumbar, small of the back. See also: nite'.

nite' n. lower back, small of back. See also: nise'hu.

nitho' encl. Particle used by women that indicates that the sentence in which is appears is a polite request. A close English equivalent is "please".. Mas?o'phiye ekta' mi'c^iya nitho'! Please go to the store for me!

nu'g^e n. (human) ear. Usage: nu'g^e is used only of human ears or of ears shaped like human ears. See also: nakpa'. 1s: manu'g^e, minu'g^e 'my ear'.

nu'm num. two. Usage: nu'm is a conversational variant of nu'pa.

nu'pa num. two. Nu'pa ahi'. (Nu'm ahi'). Two have come. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke nu'pa u~yu'ha pi. (Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke nu'm u~yu'ha pi.) We have two cars. Usage: At the end of a phrase,, nu'pa is usually shortened to nu'm. Redup: numnu'pa.

— vs. to be two in number. Ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' nu'pa. It is two o'clock. C^hiye'ku ki~ nu'pa pi. He has two older brothers. (Literally: His older brothers are two.)

nuwA~' va. 1) to bathe. Iya'yi~ na nuwa~' yo! Go take a bath! 1s: wanu'we 'I took a bath'. 1p: u~nu'wa~ pi 'we took a bath'. 2) to swim. Hoks^i'la ki~ nuwa~' pi. The boys are swimming. Yanu'wa~ awa's^teyalaka he? Do you like to swim?

o' vt. to shoot and strike, to hit, to wound. Ate'waye ki~ tha'h^c^a wa~ o'. My father shot a deer. C^hiye' o' pi. My older brother got shot. Usage: O' is used only in speaking of animate objects. See also: khute'. 1s: wa?o' 'I shot him, it, I wounded it'. 1p: u~ko' pi 'we shot him, it, he shot us, he wounded us, they shot us, they wounded us'.

oble'thu~ vs. to be square. Wa'glotapi oble'thu~ wa~z^i' luha' he? Do you have a square table? Ps^itho' oble'thu~thu~ ec^e' bluha'. I have only square beads. Wa'glotapi ki~ le' oble'thu~. This table is square. Usage: Oble'thu~ is used of inanimate objects. Redup: oble'thu~thu~.

oc^i'k?ala vs. to be narrow. Le c^ha~ku' ki~ li'la oc^i'k?ala. This road is very narrow. C^ha~ku' oc^i'kc^ik?ala ki~ wo'khokpheke. Narrow roads are scary. Usage: Oc^i'k?ala is used only of inanimate things. Redup: oc^i'kc^ik?ala.

oc^he'thi n. 1) stove, cook stove, heating stove. Wakha'lyapi ki~ oc^he'thi aka~'l he'. The coffee is on the stove. Oc^he'thi e'l c^hethi' yo! Build a fire in the stove! 2) firepit. Oc^he'thi ki~ hoc^ho'kab ka'g^a pi. The firepit is in the center. 3) council fire. Eha~'ni Lakho'ta Oya'te ki~ "Oc^he'thi S^ako'wi~" ewi'c^hakiya pi. The old-time Sioux were called "The Seven Council Fires".

Ogla'la 1) Oglala Sioux, Pine Ridge Sioux. Ogla'la ki~ e'na kic^hi'za pi s?a. The Oglalas are always fighting. Oma'glala I am an Oglala He' wic^ha's^a ki~ Ogla'la he? Is that man an Oglala? 2) Oglala Sioux Tribe, Pine Ridge Sioux Tribe. Ogla'la ki~ wa'kheyawic^ha's^a wikc^e'mna omni'c^iye ki~ ekta' yewi'c^haya pi. The Oglala Tribe sent ten delegates to the meeting.

o'gle n. shirt; coat. O'gle ki~ h^nahe'yela kic^?u~'. He wears his shirt in a slovenly way. O'gle s^o'ka wa~z^i~' wac^hi~' kte. I need a thick coat.

ogna' postp. 1) in. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ ogna' naha~'h^c^i ya~ka' pi. They are still sitting in the car Ha~he'pi Thu~ka's^ilayapi ki~ T.V. ogna' hiyu'. Last night the President was on T.V. 2) via, by means of. Sioux Falls ekta' Pierre ogna' u~ki' pi. We went to Sioux Falls via Pierre. Ma'zac^ha~ku' ogna' ya' pi. They went by train.

ogna'ke n. cabinet, stand, chest of drawers.

oha~' interj. alright. ‑Wasku'yec^a eya' bluha. Wa~z^i' ic^u' we. ‑Oha~'. Li'la was^te's^te yelo'. ‑I've got some candy. Take one! ‑Alright. Mmm, they are very good!

o'hi~niya~ adv. always. Le'l Seattle ekta' o'hi~niya~ mag^a'z^u s?a he? Does it always rain here in Seattle?

oh^?a~' va. to do, to do an act, to perform an act. Witko' ki~ he' witko'ya oh^?a~' That jerk (character) did a crazy thing. He' wic^ha's^a ki~ ta~ya~' oh^?a~'. That man does good. 1s: owa'h^?a~ 'I did'. 1p: u~ko'h^?a~ pi 'we did'.

o?i'naz^i~ n. station. Lit: 'stopping place'. Ma'zac^ha~ku' o?i'naz^i~ ki~ tukte'l ha~' he? Where is the railroad station? Ate'waye ki~ wi'gli?o?i'naz^i~ wa~ yuha'. My father has a gas station.

oka's^ke thi'pi n. jail. Lit: 'detention house'.

oki'hi vt. to be able, can. Toha~'l owa'kihi c^ha~'na s^na oma'wani. I travel whenever I can. 1s: owa'kihi 'I can, I am able'. 1p: u~ko'kihi pi 'we can, we are able'.

o'kiyA va. to help. Le' wic^ha's^a ki~ o'makiye. This man helped me. Tho'hi~ya~ki~ yetho', o'c^hic^iyi~ kte. Wait a minute, I'll help you. 1s: o'wakiye 'I helped him'. 1p: o'?u~kiya pi 'we helped him, he helped us, they helped us'.

oki'yakA vd. to tell someone something. 1s: owa'kiyake 'I told him'. 1p: u~ko'kiyaka pi 'we told him; he, they told us'.

oko n. week. Oko' nu'm ec^he'l u~k?u~' pi kte. We'll be staying about two weeks. Oko' to'na he? How many weeks old is he?

okha' va. to sing Indian style;.

— n. Indian signer. See h^?okha'.

okha'tA vs. be hot. Usage: Refers to dry heat. Olu'luta refers to damp heat. 1s: oma'khate 'I am hot'. 1p: u~ko'khata pi 'we are hot'.

okhi'se n. fifty cents. Lit: 'half'. See also: kha~g^i'.

okhu'z^e thi'pi n. hospital. Lit: 'sick house'.

ole' vt. to look for. 1s: owa'le 'I am looking for him, it'. 1p: u~ko'le pi 'we are looking for him, it; he looks for us, they look for us'.

olu'luta vs. to be sweltering (of a person). Oni'luluta s^ni he? Are you not swealtry? Usage: Refers to damp heat. Okha'tA refers to dry heat. 1s: oma'luluta 'I am sweltering'. 1p: u~ko'luluta pi 'we are sweltering'.

— vimp. to be sultry (of weather). Le' a~pe'tu ki~ li'la olu'luta kte yelo'. It's going to be very hot today.

oma'ni va. travel. Toha~'l owa'kihi c^ha~'na s^na oma'wani. I travel whenever I can Ina'waye ki~ oma'ni awa'h^tela s^ni. My mother doesn't like to travel. 1s: oma'wani 'I travel'. 1p: u~ko'mani pi 'we travel'.

omni'c^a n. bean, beans.

O?o'henu'pa n. Two-Kettle Sioux. O?o'henu'pa itha~'c^ha~ he'c^ha. He is the chief of the Two-Kettles. O?o'henu'pa hema'c^ha. I am a Two-Kettle Sioux. Variant: Owo'henu'pa.

opa'wi~g^e wikc^e'mna num. thousand. Lit: 'ten hundred'. See also: khikto'pawi~g^e.

o'pta postp. across. Oka'h^mi ki~ o'pta ibla'ble. I crossed the field. (Literally: 'I crossed the bend'. Cultivated fields are usually in bottomlands in the Great Plains.) Wa'glotapi ki~ mo'pta ya~ke'. He is sitting across the table from me. Owi~'z^a ki~ oyu~'ke ki~ o'pta ih^pe'ya ya~ke'. The blanket is lying (thrown) across the bed.

opha'ya postp. along, along in. Wakpa'la ki~ opha'ya ya' pi yo! Follow along the stream! Usage: Opha'ya is used when the location along, or motion along, is bounded in some way, as a stream in a valley or between hills. See also: agla'gla.

ophe'thu~ vt. to buy. C^huwi'gnaka ki~ le' tukte'l ophe'yathu~ he? Where did you buy this dress? C^hiye'waye ki~ ptewa'niya~pi wikc^e'mna ophe'wic^hathu~ c^hi~'. My older brother wants to buy want to buy ten head of cattle. 1s: ophe'wathu~ 'I bought him, it'. 1p: ophe'?u~thu~ pi 'we bought him, it'.

o'smaka n. coulee, ravine, draw, gulch.

osni' vimp. to be cold weather. H^ta'leha~ li'la osni'. Yesterday it was very cold.

os^i'c^ec^a vimp. to be bad weather. Tha~n^i's^ May e'yas^, naha~'h^c^i os^i'c^ec^a. It's May already and we're still having bad weather. Os^i'c^ec^a c^ha'na wah^te'wala s^ni. I don't like it when it's bad weather.

ota'kuye n. relative, kinsman.

othe'h^ikA vs. 1) to be expensive. Blo' ki~ wana' othe'h^ih^ike. Potatoes are expensive now. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke othe'h^ika wa~ ophe'wathu~. I bought an expensive car. Redup: othe'h^ih^ikA. 2) to be hard to bear (physical or mental anguish). Wic^ha't?a c^ha~'na othe'h^ike. When people die, it is hard to bear. Othe'h^ike. I share your grief. (Said to bereaved person.) (Literally: 'It is hard to bear.')

othu~'wahe n. town, city. Othu~'wahe ekta' mni' kte. I'm going to town. Othu~'wahe tukte' e'l yathi' he? Which town do you live in? H^eska' Othu~'wahe ki~ othu~'wahe li'la tha~'ka. Denver is a very big city.

owa' vt. 1) write. Wo'wapi wa~ owa'wa. I'm writing a book 1s: owa'wa 'I wrote it'. 1p: u~ko'wa pi 'we wrote it'. 2) to paint. Tuwa' ito'wapi ki~ le' owa' he? Who painted this picture?

owa'c^hekiye n. church. Lit: 'where one prays'. See also: thi'piwakha~'.

o'wakha~kha~' vs. to lie, to tell a lie. O'niwakha~kha~' s^ni kta tkha'. You shouldn't tell lies. O'wakha~kha~' pi s?a. They are liars. 1s: o'mawakha~kha~' 'I told a lie'. 1p: o'?u~wa'kha~kha~' 'we told a lie'.

owa's^tec^akA vimp. to be good weather. Ec^ha~'ni akhe' owa's^tec^aki~ kte c^ha akhe' tha~ka'l u~ki's^tima pi u~ko'kihi pi kte. It will soon be good weather again, and we will be able to sleep outside.

owa'toha~ya~ adv. for awhile. Owa'toha~ya~ wa~c^hi~'ya~ke s^ni. I haven't seen you for a while. Hoks^i'c^ala ki~ owa'toha~ya~ c^hi~'ktakta he e'yas^, wana' is^ti'me. The baby fussed for a while, but now it has to gone to sleep.

owa'yawa n. school. Lit: 'reading place'.

owa~'ya~kA vt. to look, to appear, to have an appearance mentioned in an accompanying verb. Makhu'z^a oma'wa~ya~ka he? Khu'z^a oma'wa~ya~ka he? Do I look sick? Usage: Personal affixes may be used on both the verb which accompanies owa~'ya~kA and owa~'ya~kA itself, or just with owa~'ya~kA: nithe'c^a oni'wa~ya~ke, the'c^a oni'wa~ya~ke. 1s: oma'wa~ya~ke 'I look, I appear'. 1p: u~ko'wa~ya~ka pi 'we look, we appear'.

owi~' n. earring.

owi~'z^a n. quilt, cover, blanket.

owo'te thi'pi n. cafe, restaurant. Lit: 'place to eat house'.

oya'te n. 1) people. Othu~'wahe le' e'l oya'te to'na thi' pi he? How many people live in this town? Oya'te hu~'h^ c^het?u~'wic^hagla pi. Some people can't be believed. Usage: Oya'te always has a strong collective connotation. 2) tribe. Ogla'la Oya'te ki~ li'la o'ta pi. The Oglala Tribe is very numerous. nitho'yate ki~ to'nakc^a pi he? How many are there in your tribe?

oyu'spA vt. to catch, to seize, to grab. Igmu'la ki~ zi~tka'la wa~ oyu'spe. The cat caught a bird. Osni' olu'spa he? Have you caught cold? Igmu'la ki~ oyu'spa yo! Grab the cat! 1s: oblu'spe 'I caught him, it'. 1p: u~ko'yuspa pi 'we caught him, it, he caught us, they caught us'. 2) to arrest. C^ha~ksa'yuha' ki~ ake'num owi'c^hayuspa pi. The police arrested twelve.

oyu~'ke n. bed. Lit: 'place to lie'.

o'za~ n. lodge lining.

oz^a~'z^a~ vimp. to be lighted, to be illuminated. Thi'pi ki~ thima' oz^a~'z^a~ he? Is there a light in the house?

oz^a~'z^a~glepi n. window. Lit: 'light frame'.

oz^u'1 vt. 1) to plant. Wagmu' u~ko'z^u pi. We planted squash. 1s: owa'z^u 'I planted it'. 1p: u~ko'z^u pi 'we planted it'. 2) to be overgrown with plants or trees. Paha' ki~ he' a'yataya wazi' oz^u'. That hill is completely overgrown with pines.

oz^u'2 n. patch, thicket.

oz^u'la vs. full. Thi'pi ki~ oz^u'la ya~ka' pi. There is a full house (The house is full of people). Z^a~z^a~' wo'z^api oz^u'la u~yu'ha pi. We have a full jar of wo'z^api. nab?o'z^ula bluha'. My hands are full. (This is understood literally.) Wo'z^uha ki~ oz^u'la u~'. The sack is full. Redup: oz^u'gz^ula. 2) very. He' wic^ha's^a ki~ oz^u'la witko'tko ke. That man is very crazy.

sa'kA vs. to be dry, to be dried out or dessicated. C^ha~pha' ki~ wana' sagsa'ke. The cherries are dry now. C^ha~pha' sa'ka was^te'walake. I like dried (choke) cherries. Usage: Sa'kA is used only of inanimate (or died) things. Redup: sagsa'kA.

sa'pA vs. to be black. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ sa'pe. The car is black. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke sa'pa ki~ mitha'wa. The black car is mine. 1s: masa'pe 'I am black'. 1p: u~sa'pa pi 'we are black'. Redup: sabsa'pA.

sa~' vs. 1) to be dull white, to be off-white. S^u~n^hu'la ki~ thezi' sa~. The pony's belly is off-white. Wi'yatke wa~z^i' sa~' c^ha ima'kic^u wo! Get me a white cup! 1s: masa~' 'I am dull white'. 1p: u~sa~' pi 'we are dull white'. Redup: sa~sa~'. 2) to be faded. Tha?o'gle ki~ sa~'. His shirt is faded. O'gle sa~' wa~ u~'. He is wearing a faded shirt.

sa~'m conj. sa~'m is used in counting. It has no English equivalent. Sa~'m is used in numbers over twenty between elements of the number which belong to different decimal places.. Opa'wi~g^e sa~'m wikc^e'mna ya'mni. One hundred thirty. Wikc^e'mna s^a'kpe sa~'m to'pa. Sixty-four Sa~'m is a shortened form of the word isa~'pha 'more, beyond'.

sc^e'pha~s^i n. female cousin of a woman. Usage: This is a term of address. See also: ha~ka's^i. Variant: c^e'pha~s^i, j^e'pha~s^i.

Sc^i'li n. Pawnee. Eee, Sc^i'li ki~ akhe' a?u~'z^o pi. Oh, the Pawnees are whistling at us again. This is a traditional saying which people use when they hear whistling which sounds like signals (that is, whistling which has no melody). It refers to days of intertribal warfare, when members of a war party kept in contact by means of whistling. Nisc^i'li he? Are you a Pawnee?

se'c^A encl. probably, maybe. Particle which indicates that the speaker considers his statement possibly or probably true, but not certainly true. Many sentences with se'c^A also begin with u~gna'. U~gna' mag^a'z^u kte se'c^e. Maybe it will rain. Wana' he' he'c^hiya i' se'c^e. He is probably there by now.

si' n. foot; paw; hoof; foot of a bird.

sic^ha~' n. thigh. Usage: Sic^ha~' is used when speaking of the side of the thigh. See also: c^hec^a'.

Sic^ha~'g^u' n. Rosebud Sioux, Brule Sioux. Mitha~'ks^i ki~ Sic^ha~'g^u' wa~ hi~gna'ye. My younger sister (male speaking) married a Brule. Wac^hi'pi ki~ hena' Sic^ha~'g^u' pi. Those dancers are Brules. Sic^ha~'g^u' ki~ itha~'c^ha~ wa~ glah^ni'g^a pi. The Rosebud Sioux have elected a president The literal meaning of Sic^ha~'g^u' is burned thigh, and the tribe is sometimes called by this name. Indians using the term 'Brule' pronounce the word to rhyme with 'school'.

Sic^ha~'g^u' Oya'te n. Rosebud Sioux Tribe. Sic^ha~'g^u' Oya'te tha?o'ya~ke ki~ Rosebud, South Dakota e'l ya~ke'. The Rosebud Tribe has its agency at Rosebud, South Dakota. Sic^ha~'g^u' Oya'te ki~ Khulwi'c^has^a Oya'te ki~ i'sa~m tha~'ka. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe is larger than the Lower Brule Tribe.

Sic^ha~'g^u' Thi'pi n. Rosebud Sioux Reservation. Lit: 'home of the Burned-Thighs.'.

sic^hu'ha n. sole of the foot. See also: siha'.

siha' n. sole of the foot. See also: sic^hu'ha.

Siha'sapa n. Blackfeet Sioux. Siha'nisa'pa he? Are you a Blackfoot Sioux Siha'sapa ki~ Mnikho'woz^u Thi'pi e'l thi' pi. The Blackfeet Sioux live on the Cheyenne River Reservation.

sipha' n. toe.

si~kpe'thawo'te n. aspirin. Lit: 'muskrat food'. The reference is to a medicinal herb called by that name. See also: nata'yaza~'pi phez^u'ta.

si~kphe' n. muskrat. Syn: si~kphe'la.

si~kphe'la n. muskrat. Syn: si~kphe'.

si~te' n. tail.

— vs. to be young person, to be a teenager. 1s: masi~'te 'I am a teenager'. 1p: u~si~'te pi 'we are young people'.

si~te'h^la n. rattlesnake. Lit: 'rattle tail'.

si~te'sa'pela n. cottontail rabbit. Lit: 'little black tail'. See also: mas^ti~'sapa.

ska' vs. to be clear white. Wa' ki~ skaska'. Snow is (bright) white. 1s: maska' 'I am clear white'. 1p: u~ska' pi 'we are clear white'. Redup: skaska'.

ska~' vs. to be melted. Wa' ki~ ska~' a'ye. The snow is melting. Wa' ki~ ska~'. The snow has melted.

ska~yA~' vt. to cause to melt (as snow). Wa' eta~' ska~yi~' na wakha'lyapi eta~' ka'g^a yo! Melt some coffee and make some coffee! 1s: ska~wa'ye 'I melted it'. 1p: ska~?u~ya~ pi 'we melted it'.

sku'yA vs. 1) to be sweet. Wakha'lyapi ki~ li'la sku'ye. The coffee is too sweet. Kha~'ta skusku'ya eya' ophe'wathu~. I bought some sweet plums. Redup: skusku'ya. 2) to be salty. Waha~'pi ki~ li'la sku'ye. The soup is too salty. Thalo' skuya' li'la i'puza maka'g^e. Salty meat makes me very thirsty.

slolyA' vt. to know. To'ha~ iya'ya pi ki~ slolya'ya he? Do you know when they left? He' wi~'ya~ ki~ slolwa'ye s^ni. He' tuwe' he? I don't know that woman, Who is she? 1s: slolwa'ye 'I know (it)'. 1p: slol?u~'ya~ pi 'we know (it), he knows us, they know us'.

sni' vs. to be cold. C^ha'g^a ki~ sni'. Ice is cold. Wakha'lyapi sni' wah^te'wala s^ni. I don' like cold coffee. Sni'. It is (feels) cold. Usage: Sni' is used only of inanimate things. Redup: snisni'.

Spayo'la n. Mexican. Spayo'la eta~' slolwi'c^hayaya he? Do you know any Mexicans? Nispa'yola he? Are you Mexican? This is the Sioux rendering of the Spanish term 'espan~ol': Spanish, Spaniard.

susu' n. penis (Oglala); male genitals (Brule). See also: c^he'.

Su'suni n. Shoshoni Indian. Washakie Su'suni ki~ e'hake itha'c^ha~ya pi. The Shoshoni had Washakie as their last leader. Masu'suni. I am a Shoshoni.

suta' vs. 1) to be hard. C^ha'g^a ki~ wana' suta'. The ice is very hard now. Makha' suta' ok?e' s^ic^e. Hard ground is hard to dig. 1s: masu'ta 'I am hard'. 1p: u~su'ta pi 'we are hard'. Redup: suksu'ta. 2) to be tough. Suta' c^ha aki'sni kte. He's tough, he'll be alright. Thalo' ki~ le' suta' c^ha yul phi'c^a s^ni. This meat is so tough you can't eat it.

su~ka'yA vt. to have as younger brother. 1s: su~ka'waye 'I have him as younger brother'. 1p: su~ka'?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as younger brother, he/she has us as younger brothers, they have us as younger brothers'.

su~'su~la n. donkey. Su~'su~la can also mean 'mule'.

s^a' vs. to be red. 1s: mas^a' 'I am red'. 1p: u~s^a' pi 'we are red'. Redup: s^as^a'.

s^aglo'g^a~ num. eight. S^aglo'g^a~ le'l u~' pi. Eight are here. S^u~'ka ki~ khokhe'yah^?a~la s^aglo'g^a~ wic^ha'yat?e yelo'. The dog has bitten eight chickens to death. Redup: s^aglo'g^a~g^a~.

— vs. to be eight in number. U~s^a'glog^a~ pi. There are eight of us. Ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' s^aglo'g^a~. It is eight o'clock.

S^ahi'ya n. Cree Indian. Nis^a'hiya he? Are you a Crow Indian? S^ahi'ya ki~ U~c^i'yapi Thama'khoc^he tukte'l thi' pi. The Crees live somewhere in Canada.

S^ahi'yela n. Cheyenne Indian. Nis^a'hiyela he? Are you a Cheyenne Indian? Le' S^ahi'yela he? Are you a Cheyenne Indian? Le' S^ahi'yela ki~ leks^i'lawaye. This Cheyenne is my uncle by marriage.

s^ake' n. fingernail, claw of animal or bird.

s^ako'wi~ num. seven. S^ako'wi~ wo'was^i ec^hu~ pi. Seven are working. Eha~'ni Lakho'ta ki~ "Oc^he'thi S^ako'wi~" ewi'c^hakiya pi. Usage: The old time Sioux were called Council Fire. Redup: s^ako'wi~wi~.

— vs. to be six in number. U~s^a'kowi~ pi. There are seven of us. Ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' s^ako'wi~. It is seven o'clock.

s^a'kpe num. six. S^a'kpe wac^hi' pi. Six are dancing. Zi~tka'la s^a'kpe ma'zaphephe' aka~'l ipa'h^lalya ya~ka' pi. There are six birds sitting in a row on the barbed wire. Redup: s^a'kpekpe.

— vs. to be six in number. U~s^a'kpe pi. There are six of us. S^u~h^pa'la la ki~ s^a'kpe pi. There are six little puppies.

s^as^te' n. little finger.

s^a~' n. female genitals. Usage: S^a~' is regarded by Lakota speakers as a vulgar term.

s^i'c^A vs. to be bad. Mas^i'c^a ilu'kc^a~ he? Do you think I am bad? Blo' eya' s^iks^i'c^a c^ha wanu' ophe'wathu~. I accidentally bought some bad potatoes. 1s: mas^i'c^e 'I am bad'. 1p: u~s^i'c^a pi 'we are bad'. Redup: s^iks^i'c^A.

s^ic^a'howa'yA vt. to scream, to yelp, to howl. S^u~'ka ki~ he' ta'kuwe s^ic^a'howa'ya he? Why is that dog howling Wi~'ya~ ki~ he ta'kuwe s^ic^a'howa'ya ha~ he? Why is that woman screaming? 1s: s^ic^a'waho'waye 'I screamed'. 1p: s^ic^a'?u~ho'waya pi 'we screamed'.

s^ic^a'kiktA' va. to have bad dreams, to have a nightmare. Lit: 'to wake up badly'. Eha's^ o'ta wawa'ta c^ha~'na s^ic^a'we'kta. I have bad dreams when I eat too much. Ha~he'pi s^ic^a'ye'kta he? Did you have a nightmare last night? 1s: s^ic^a'we'kta 'I have bad dreams'. 1p: s^ic^a'?u~ki'kta pi 'we have bad dreams'.

s^ic^a'mna vs. to stink, to smell bad. Thima' s^i'c^amna. It smells bad in the house. 1s: mas^i'c^amna 'I stink'. 1p: u~s^i'c^amna pi 'we stink'.

s^ic^a'ya adv. 1) badly. He' hoks^i'la ki~ s^ic^a'ya wac^hi'. That boy dances badly. 2) too bad. S^ic^a'ya kte s?ele'. That'll be too bad for him.

s^ic^?e's^iyA vt. to have as male cousin (female Reference). 1s: s^ic^?e's^iwaye 'I have him as cousin'. 1p: s^ic^?e's^i?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as cousin, she has us as male cousins, they have us as male cousins'.

s^ina' n. shawl.

s^iyo' n. wild game birds such as prairie chickens, grouse, sage hens, and pheasants.

s^iyu'te n. lap. S^iyu'te can also refer to the front part of the sides of the thigh. This part of the body is called s^iyu'te whether the person is sitting or standing.

s^ka'tA vt. to play. Wakha~'yez^a ki~ tha~ka'l s^ka'ta pi. The children are playing outside. Hoks^i'la thabs^ka'tapi was^te'laka pi. Boys like basketball. Piano ki~ tuwa' s^ka'ta u~spe' he? Who knows how to play the piano? 1s: was^ka'te 'I play'. 1p: u~s^kata pi 'we play'.

s^ka~ka'pi n. ring finger. Lit: '(the) lazy one'.

s^ko'pA vs. to be bent. Mi'la s^ko'pa ki~ he' u~' phi'c^a s^ni. That bent knife can't be used. Wi'yutkug^e ki~ le' s^ko'pe. This key is bent. Redup: s^kos^ko'pa.

s^lo' vs. to melt (as fat). Was^i~' ki~ s^lo'. The fat is melted.

s^loyA' vt. to cause to melt. Asa~'piwi'gli s^loya' pi u~ c^heyu~'pa yo! Fry this in melted butter! 1s: s^lowa'ye 'I melted it'. 1p: u~s^lo'ya pi 'we melted it'.

s^ni encl. not. Robert naha~'h^c^i hi' s^ni. Robert hasn't come yet. He'c^hu~ s^ni yo! Don't do that!

s^o'kA vs. to be thick. Ag^u'yapi s^ogs^o'ka wah^te'wala s^ni. I don't like thick pieces of bread. O'gle s^o'ka wa~z^i' ophe'yathu~ ki~. You should buy a heavy (thick) coat. Wo'wapi s^o'ka blawa' was^te'walake s^ni. I don't like to read thick books. Makhi'zita aka~'l c^ha'g^a ki~ s^o'ke. The ice on the river is thick. Thi'pi ki~ le' c^ha~bla'ska ki~ s^ogs^o'ke. The boards in this house are thick. Usage: S^o'kA is used in describing inanimate things whose principal characteristic (or whose particular interest to people) is a broad surface. It can be used of ice,, books, paper, cloth, leather, and building materials, but it may not be used of fingers, legs, trees, or other things of like kind. Redup: s^ogs^o'kA.

s^os^e vs. to be turbid, to be muddy. See also: Mni's^os^e.

s^o'ta n. smoke. S^o'ta ki~ is^ta' oma'yaya. The smoke makes my eyes smart.

s^pa~' vs. 1) to burn, to be burned. nape' ki~ mas^pa~' My hand is burned Oya'te s^pa~'pi waya'za~ pi. Burned people suffer. Usage: S^pa~' refers to the internal state rather than external appearance of the object under consideration. }. 1s: mas^pa~' 'I got burned'. 1p: u~s^pa~' pi 'we got burned'. Redup: s^pa~s^pa~'. 2) to be cooked. Thalo' ki~ s^pa~'. The meat is cooked.

s^pa~'s^niyuta'pi n. watermelon. Lit: 'they eat it raw'. See also: wagmu's^pa~s^ni.

s^pa~yA~' vt. 1) to burn, to injure by burning. Wi'pablaye ki~ u~ be'bela ki~ wanu' s^pa~ye'. She accidentally burned the baby with the iron. 1s: s^pa~wa'ye 'I burned him, it'. 1p: s^pa~?u~'ya~ pi 'we burned him, it, he burned us, they burned us'. 2) to cook, to cause to be cooked. Thalo' eya' ophe'wathu~ na s^pa~wa'ye. I bought some meat and cooked it. Le' thalo' ki~ s^pa~?u~'ya~ pi kte. We are going to cook this meat.

s^tu~ka'la vs. 1) to be tender. Thalo' ki~ le' s^tu~ka'la s^ni. This is meat isn't tender. Redup: s^tu~s^tu~'kala. 2) to be ripe (of corn only). Wagmi'za ki~ s^tu~ka'la. The corn is ripe. See also: was^tu~'kala.

s^upe' n. intestine, gut. See also: nig^e'.

s^u~gma'nitu n. coyote, wolf. Lit: 'wilderness dog'. See also: maya'slec^a. Variant: s^u~n^ma'nitu.

s^u~gma'nitu tha~'ka n. wolf. Lit: 'big wilderness dog'. Variant: s^u~n^ma'nitu tha~'ka.

s^u~g^i'la n. fox. See also: thokha'la.

s^u~h^pa'la n. puppy.

s^u~'ka n. dog.

s^u~'kawakha~' [S^u~'kawakha~' is usually pronounced with a slurring together of the two elements of the word, so that neither is clearly recognizable any longer.] n. horse. Lit: 'wonderful dog'.

s^u~n^ma'nitu n. coyote. See s^u~gma'nitu.

s^u~n^ma'nitu tha~'ka n. wolf. See s^u~gma'nitu tha~'ka.

s^u~n^?o'naz^i~ n. horsebarn, stall.

thab?a'phapi n. baseball. Lit: 'struck ball'.

thabs^ka'tapi n. basketball. Lit: 'ball game'.

thac^ha~' n. body; mind, soul. Usage: Thac^ha~' is not used of a corpse. See tha~c^ha~'.

thag^e' n. saliva, spit. 1s: matha'g^e, mitha'g^e 'my saliva'.

thaha' n. (animal) hide, skin.

thaha'lo n. rawhide, untanned hide.

thahi~'s^pa n. needle.

thahi~'s^pa ihu'pa n. awl. Lit: 'handled needle'.

thahu' n. the neck excluding the throat.

tha'h^c^a n. deer.

tha'h^c^as^u~'kala n. sheep; goat. Lit: 'deer dog'.

thah^mu'g^a n. fly (insect). See theh^mu'g^a.

thako'z^a n. grandchild. Usage: this is a term of address.

thako'z^ayA vt. to have as grandchild. 1s: thako'z^awaye 'I have him as grandchild'. 1p: thako'z^a?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as grandchild, he/she has us as grandchildren, they have us as grandchildren'.

thakpA' vt. to seek vengeance, to try to get even. Is^te'lmaya~ c^ha thawa'kpi~ kte. He embarrassed (insulted) me and I will get even with him. Usage: ThakpA' refers only to the process, not the result of seeking revenge. 1s: thawa'kpe 'I am getting even with him'. 1p: tha?u~'kpa pi 'we are getting even with him, he is getting even with us, they are getting even with us.'.

thakha~' n. sinew. Ha~m?i'kc^eka ki~ lena' thakha~' u~ kag^e'g^e pi. These moccasins are sewn with sinew.

thalo' n. meat.

thalo' ag^u'yapi c^hog^i~'khiyapi n. sandwich. Lit: 'meat made to be core of bread'.

thama'hec^a vs. 1) to be skinny. Ka' wic^ha's^a thama'hec^a ki~ he' wic^ha's^awakha~'. That skinny man is the preacher. 1s: matha'mahec^a 'I am skinny'. 1p: u~tha'mahec^a pi 'we are skinny'. Redup: thama'hehec^a. 2) to be poor (of animals). Ta'kuwe s^u~'kawakha~' ki~ hena' thama'hec^a pi he? Why are those horses so poor (skinny)?

thamni' n. uterus, womb.

tha'pa n. ball.

thaphu~' n. cheek.

thaspa~' n. apple.

thaspa~'hi~s^ma' n. peach. Lit: 'hairy apple'.

thaspa~'hi~s^ma' c^i'k?ala n. apricot. Lit: 'little peach'. See also: thaspa~'hi~s^ma.

thaspa~'zi' n. orange. Lit: 'yellow apple'.

thas^i'yagnupa' n. meadowlark. From the Indian point of view, the name of this bird imitates its cry. Plains Indians, no matter which language they speak, feel that the meadowlark's song is in human language, and each tribe has several interpretations of what the meadowlarks are saying.

thate' vimp. to blow, wind blows. Thato'sni. A cold wind is blowing. Thate'te. It is breezy. Thate' c^ha~'na wah^te'wala s^ni. I don't like it when it blows.

thatha~'ka n. buffalo bull. See also: pte'.

thatho'kala n. antelope; domestic goat.

tha'wa vs. See Itha'wa.

thawi'c^uthu~' va. to get married. Wani'yetu he'kta thawi'c^uwathu~'. I got married last winter. Usage: Thawi'c^uthu~' is used only with reference to males. 1s: thawi'c^uwathu~' 'I got married'. 1p: thawi'c^u?u~thu~' pi 'we got married'.

thaz^u's^ka n. ant.

tha~c^ha~' n. 1) body. Tha~c^ha~' ki~ a'yataya maya'za~. My whole body aches. Variant: thac^ha~'. 2) mind, soul. A~pe'tu ya'mni ki~ tha~c^ha~' ki~ mah^pi'yata khigle'. On the third day his soul ascended into Heaven.

tha~ha~'s^i n. male cousin of a man. Usage: This is a term of address. Variant: thaha~'s^i.

tha~ha~'s^iyA vt. to have as male cousin (male Reference). Variant: thaha~'s^iyA. 1s: tha~ha~'s^iwaye 'I have him as cousin'. 1p: tha~ha~'s^i?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as cousinn, he has us as male cousins, they have us as male cousins'.

tha~ka' n. to have as younger sister (female Reference). 1s: tha~ka'waye 'I have her as young sister'. 1p: tha~ka'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as younger sister, she has us as younger sisters, they have us as younger sisters'.

tha~'ka vs. to be big. He'c^hena s^u~'ka tha~'ka ki~ yaglu'ha he? Do you still have that big dog of yours? 1s: matha~'ka 'I am big'. 1p: u~tha~'ka pi 'we are big'. Redup: tha~gtha~'ka.

tha~ka'yA vt. to have as younger sister (female Reference). 1s: tha~ka'waye 'I have her as younger sister'. 1p: tha~ka'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as younger sister, she has us as younger sisters, they have us as younger sisters'.

tha~ke' n. older sister of a man. Usage: This is a term of address.

tha~ke'yA vt. to have as older sister (male Reference). 1s: tha~ke'waye 'I have her as older sister'. 1p: tha~ke'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as older sister, he has us as older sisters, they have us as older sisters'.

tha~ks^i' n. younger sister of a man. Usage: This is a term of address.

tha~ks^i'yA vt. to have as younger sister (male Reference). 1s: tha~ks^i'waye 'I have her as younger sister'. 1p: tha~ks^i'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as younger sister, she has us as younger sisters, they have us as younger sisters'.

thebyA' vt. to eat up, to consume. Hoks^i'la ki~ ag^u'yapisku'yela ki~ a'yataya thebya' pi. The boys ate up all of a cake. 1s: thebwa'ye 'I ate it up'. 1p: theb?u~'ya~ pi 'we ate it up'.

the'c^a vs. to be young. The'c^a oni'wa~ya~ke. Wani'yetu nito'na he? You look young. How old are you? Oya'te the'c^a ki~ waya'wa pi. Young people go to school. 1s: mathe'c^a 'I am young'. 1p: u~the'c^a pi 'we are young'. Redup: thekthe'c^a.

the'ha~ adv. far (said of distant place); long (said of a long duration of time). Wana' the'ha~ nis^ti'me s^ni, c^ha hu'nista'ka ite'ke. You haven't slept much lately so you must be tired.

theh^i'la vt. to love. Wi~'ya~ mitha'wa ki~ thema'h^ila s^ni. My wife doesn't love me. Oya'te ki~ thakho'lakupi ki~ thewi'c^hah^ila pi kte he'c^ha. People should love their friends. Sa'pela thewa'h^ila. I love Blackie (a horse or dog). Usage: Theh^i'la can only be used of animate objects. 1s: thewa'h^ila 'I love him, it'. 1p: the?u~'h^ila pi 'we love him, it, he loves us, they love us'.

theh^mu'g^a n. fly (insect). Variant: thoh^mu'g^a, thah^mu'g^a.

theh^mu'g^a zizi'la n. bee. Lit: 'little yellow-banded fly'.

theh^pi' n. leather.

thezi' n. stomach, belly. Thezi' maya'za~. I have diarrhea. Li'la thezi' maya'za~. I have a severe stomach ache.

thi' va. to live, to dwell. Khulwi'c^has^a thi'pi ekta' wathi'. I live on the Lower Brule Reservation. 1s: wathi' 'I live'. 1p: u~thi' pi 'we live'.

— n. house. Mary thi' ekta' iya'ye. He went over to Mary's house.

thiblo' n. older brother of a woman. Usage: this is a term of address.

thiblo'yA vt. to have as older brother (female Reference). 1s: thiblo'waye 'I have him as older brother'. 1p: thiblo'?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as older brother, she has us as older brothers, they have us as olderbrother'.

thima' adv. inside, inside the house. Thima' hiyu' nitho'. Come inside.

thi'pi n. house. He' thi'pi ki~ tuwa' tha'wa he? Whose house is that?

thi'piwakha~' n. church. Lit: 'holy house'. See also: owa'c^hekiye.

Thi'thu~wa~ n. Teton Sioux. Thi'thu~wa~ ki~ to'nakc^a pi he? How many Tetons are there? U~thi'thu~wa~ pi. We are Teton Sioux.

thiwa'ki~yela pigeon, dove. Lit: 'house dove'.

thiyo'pa n. door.

thi~'psila n. Indian (wild) turnip.

tho' vs. to be blue, to be green. 1s: matho' 'I am blue, I am green'. 1p: u~tho' pi 'we are blue, we are green'. Redup: thotho'.

tho'hi~ya~kA v. wait a minute, hold on! Tho'hi~ya~ki~ yetho', o'c^hic^iyi~ kte yelo'. Wait now, I'll help you. Usage: Tho'hi~ya~kA is used in commands only; it is often shortened to hi~'ya~kA.

thoh^mu'g^a n. fly (insect). See theh^mu'g^a.

thoke'ya adv. first, first of all, in the first place. Toke'ya Mnilu'zahe Othu~'wahe ekta' u~ya~' pi naha~' heha~'l Cheyenne ekta' u~ya~' pi kte. First we'll go to Rapid City and then we'll go to Cheyenne.

thokha'la n. fox. See also: s^u~g^i'la.

thos^ka' n. nephew of a woman. Usage: This is a term of address.

thos^ka'yA vt. to have as nephew (femal Reference). 1s: thos^ka'waye 'I have him as nephew'. 1p: thos^ka'?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as nephew, she has us as nephews, they have us as nephews'.

thoz^a~' n. niece of a woman. Usage: This is a term of address.

thoz^a~'yA~ vt. to have as son. 1s: c^hi~ks^i'waye 'I have him as son'. 1p: c^hi~ks^i'?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as son, he has us as sons, they have us as sons'.

thoz^a~'yA~ vt. to have as niece (female Reference). 1s: thoz^a~'waye 'I have her as niece'. 1p: thoz^a~'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as niece, she has us as nieces, they have us as nieces'.

thuc^hu'hu n. rib.

thuswe'c^a n. dragonfly.

thus^u' n. lodge pole, tepee pole.

thu~ka's^ila n. grandfather. Usage: This is a term of address used for either grandfather and for grandfather's brothers. See also: kaka'.

thu~ka's^ilayA vt. to have as grandfather. 1s: thu~ka's^ilawaye 'I have him as grandfather'. 1p: thu~ka's^ila?u~ya~ pi 'we have him as grandfather, he/she has us as grandfathers, they have us as grandfathers'.

thu~ka's^ilayapi n. 1) U.S. Government. Lit: 'grandfather'. Thu~ka's^ilayapi ki~ Washington e'l ya~ke'. Washington is the seat of the U.S. Government 2) President of the United States. Thu~ka's^ilayapi ki~ Thiska' e'l thi'. The President lives in the White House.

thu~s^ka' n. nephew of a man. Usage: This is a term of address.

thu~wi~' n. blood aunt, father's sister. Usage: This is a term of address.

thu~wi~'yA~ vt. to have as blood aunt. 1s: thu~wi~'waye 'I have her as blood aunt'. 1p: thu~wi~'?u~ya~ pi 'we have her as blood aunt, he/she has us as blood aunts, they have us as blood aunts'.

wa' n. snow. Wa' ki~ s^a'pe. The snow is dirty. Wa' kahi~'ta yo! Shovel snow! Wa'hi~he' k?u~ he' aki'sni. The snowfall has stopped. Usage: Wa' usually refers to the snow on the ground. See also: ic^a'mna.

wac^ha~'g^a n. sweetgrass.

wa'c^hehi~ n. plume.

wac^hi' va. to dance Indian-style dances. He' hoks^i'la ta~ya~' wac^hi' lah^. That boy really dances well. 2s: waya'c^hi 'you dance'. 1p: wa?u~'c^hi pi 'we dance'.

wac^hi'pi n. dance.

wagle'ks^a~ n. turkey.

wa'glotapi n. table.

waglu'la n. earthworm, fishworm; worm; caterpillar.

wagmi'za n. corn, maize.

wagmu' n. squash; gourd; pumpkin.

wagmu'ha n. gourd rattle, ceremonial rattle. Lit: 'ceremonial rind'.

wagmu's^pa~s^ni n. watermelon. Lit: 'uncooked squash'. See also: s^pa~'s^niyuta'pi.

wa'g^ac^ha~' n. cottonwood tree.

waha'c^ha~ka n. shield.

waha'c^ha~kakic^?i~' n. snail. Lit: 'he carries his shield on his back'.

waha~'pi n. soup, broth, stew.

wahe'ha~ adv. right then, at that precise time. Napc^i~'yu~ka wahe'ha~ hiyu' wo! Come precisely at nine!

wahe'ha~l adv. about that time, about then. Ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' napc^i~'yu~ka wahe'ha~l ic^a'mna. It began to snow about nine o'clock. Wi'c^hoka~'ya~hiya'ye wahe'ha~l u~hi' pi kte. We will arrive about noon.

wahe'ha~tu pred. to be right at (that time), to be right then. Wahe'ha~tu. It was right then. Ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' napc^i~'yu~ka wahe'ha~tu c^ha mas?a'makiphe. He called me up right at nine o'clock.

wahi~' n. flint.

wahi~'kpe n. arrow.

wahu'kheza n. spear.

wah^c^a' n. flower. See also: wana'h^c^a.

wah^c^a'zi n. sunflower. Lit: 'yellow flower'.

wa'h^patha~'ka n. blackbird.

wah^pe' n. leaf. 2) tea. Wah^pe' refers to the tea leaves, not to the beverage. See also: wah^pe'khalyapi.

wah^pe'khalyapi n. tea. Lit: 'heated leaves'.

wah^te'la s^ni vt. to dislike. 1s: wah^te'wala s^ni 'I dislik him, it'. 1p: wah^te'?u~la pi s^ni 'we dislike him, it; he, they dislike us.'.

wa?i'c^haphe [This word is usually pronounced wi'c^haphe.] n. fork, pitchfork. Lit: 'what one pierces or impales with'.

wa?i'kha~ [This word is usually pronounced wi'kha~] n. rope.

wa?i'wopta [This word is usually pronounced wi'wopta] n. digging stick. Lit: 'what one digs with using the point'.

wa?i'yaskabyapi [This word is usually pronounced wi'yaskabyapi] n. glue. Lit: 'what one causes to stick on with'.

wa?i'yatke [This word is usually pronounced wi'yatke.] n. cup. Lit: 'what one causes to stick on with'.

wa?i'yokatkug^e [This word is usually pronounced wi'yokatkug^e] n. bolt, screw.

wa?i'yuhomni [This word is usually pronounced wi'yuhomni] n. screwdriver; brace (carpenter's tool). Lit: 'what one screws, turns around and around with.'.

waka'blapi n. jerkey. Lit: 'what has been sliced thin (for drying)'.

wa'kah^pe n. covering; tarpaulin; tablecloth. Lit: 'what has been thrown over something'. This is a shortened form of wa?a'kah^pe.

waka'phapi n. pounded dried meat. Lit: 'what has been pounded up'.

waki~'ya~hothu~' pi vimp. to thunder. Lit: 'thunderbirds call'. Waki~'ya~hothu~' pi c^ha~'na s^na yus^?i~'yemaye. Thunder scares me. Ana'g^opta~ yo! Waki~'ya~hothu~' pi. Listen! It is thundering.

waki~'ya~hothu~'pi n. thunder. Lit: 'call of the thunderbird'. Waki~'ya~hothu~pi ki~ naya'h^?u~ he? Did you hear the thunder?

waki~'ya~tu~wa~' pi vimp. to flash lightning. Lit: 'the thunderbirds are staring'. Waki~'ya~tu~wa~' pi. There is lightning. Ha~he'pi ki~ a'yataya waki~'ya~tu~wa~' na waki~'ya~hothu~' pi. There was lightning and thunder all night.

waki~'ya~tu~wa~'pi n. lightning. Lit: 'the thunderbird's stare'. Waki~'ya~tu~wa~'pi ki~ wa~la'ka he? Did you see the lightning?

waki~'yela n. pigeon, dove. See also: thiwa'ki~yela.

wakpa'la n. creek.

waksA' vt. to cut off with a knife, to slice. Ag^u'yapi ki~ waksa' yo! Slice the bread! Ha~ke' waksi~' na mak?u'. He cut off a piece and gave it to me. 1s: wawa'kse 'I cut it (with a knife)'. 1p: wa?u~'ksa pi 'we cut it (with a knife)'.

waks^i'c^a n. dish, bowl, plate.

waks^u'pi n. beadwork. Lit: 'what has been sewn for decoration'.

wakha'lapi n. coffee. See wakha'lyapi.

wakha'lyapi n. coffee. Le' wakha'lyapi ki~ li'la kha'te. This coffee is very hot. Usage: Wakha'lyapi is used only of brewed coffee. See also: phez^u'tasa'pi, wah^pe'khalyapi. Variant: wakha'lapi.

wakha~'gle n. electricity. The earlier meaning of wakha~'gle was 'lightning'.

wakha~'hez^a n. child. Syn: wakha~'yez^a.

wakha~'yez^a n. child. Wani'kha~yez^a. You are a child. See also: c^hi~c^a'. Variant: wakha~'hez^a. 2s: wani'kha~yez^a 'you are a child'. 1p: wa?u~'kha~yez^a pi 'we are children'.

wa'khiyA vt. to court, to flirt. The'c^a ki~ wa'khiya pi. The young men are courting. Usage: Wa'khiyA is used only in speaking to males. Variant: wo'khiyA. 2s: waya'khiye 'you court, you flirt'. 1p: wa?u~'khiya pi 'we are courting'.

wakhu'wa va. to hunt. Hi~'ha~ni ki~ wakhu'wa u~ya~' pi kte. We are going hunting tomorrow. Wakhu'wa awa's^teyalaka he? Do you like to hunt? 1s: wawa'khuwa 'I hunt'. 1p: wa?u~'khuwa pi 'we hunt'.

wak?i~' n. backpack. Lit: 'what is used for packing'.

wama'khas^ka~ n. animal. Lit: 'what moves about on the earth'.

wana' adv. 1) now. Wana' mas?o'phiye ekta' ble'. I am on my way to the store now. 2) right away. Kah^la' ki~ wana' kte. The bell is going to ring right away.

wana'g^i n. spirit, ghost; soul.

wana'g^ithac^ha~'ku n. Milky Way. Lit: 'ghost road'.

wana'g^iwac^hi'pi n. aurora borealis, northern lights. Lit: 'spirit dance'.

wana'h^c^a n. flower. Lit: 'what blooms'. See also: wah^c^a'.

wana'p?i~ n. necklace. Lit: 'what is worn around the neck'.

wani'yetu n. 1) winter. Wani'yetu hu~'h^ osni'sni. Some winters are cold. Wani'yetu ki~ osni'. It is a cold winter, the winter is cold. 2) year. Wani'yetu ki~ lena' ec^ha'kc^ha~ni wa'ska~'. The snow has been melting earlier the last few years Wani'yetu nito'na he? How many years old are you? Wani'yetu to'na k?u~ he'ha~ t?e'. His age was unknown when he died.

wa?o'h^?a~h^?a~kA va. to stir up trouble. Oya'te ki~ hena' wa?o'h^?a~h^?a~ka pi. Those people are trouble-makers. Wa?o'h^?a~h^?a~ke s^ni yo! Don't be trouble-maker! 1s: wa?o'h^?a~h^?a~ke 'I stir up trouble'. 1p: wa?o'?u~h^?a~h^?a~ka pi 'we stir up trouble'.

wapha'ha n. warbonnet.

wapho's^ta~ n. hat. Lit: 'what is worn on the head'.

wasku'yec^a n. fruit; berries. Lit: 'what is sweet'. Ka'khiya wasku'yec^a o'ta ic^ha'g^e. There are a lot of (wild) fruits (berries) over there. 2) canned fruit, preserves. Bloke'ha~ wasku'yec^a li'la o'ta u~ka'g^a pi. Last summer we made a lot of preserves. 3) candy. Wasku'yec^a wa~z^i' ic^u' wo! Take a piece of candy! 4) sweets in general, dessert. Wakha~'yez^a wasku'yec^a li'la was^te'laka pi. Children really like sweets.

wasna' n. pemmican.

wasu' n. hail.

Was^i'c^u n. White person. See Was^i'c^u~.

Was^i'c^u~ n. White person, person of European or Euro-American ancestry or culture. He' Was^i'c^u~ ki~ li'la ha~'ske. That Whiteman is very tall. Variant: Was^i'c^u.

— vs. to be a white person. mawa's^ic^u~, wama's^ic^u~

was^i~' n. animal fat, tallow; bacon.

was^mA' vimp. to be deep snow on the ground. Was^me'. There is a lot of snow. Was^mi' na osni'. There is a lot of snow on the ground and it is very cold. Ha~he'pi ic^a'mna na wana' was^me'. Last night it snowed and now there is deep snow.

was^pA' vt. to cut off an irregular piece of something, to cut out a chunk of something. Thalo' ki~ he' ha~ke' was^pa' yo! Cut off a piece of the meat! 2s: waya's^pe 'you cut off a piece'. 1p: wa?u~s^pa pi 'we cut off a piece'.

was^te' vs. 1) to be good. Le' ag^u'yapisku'yela ki~ li'la was^te'. This cake is very good C^ha~?i'wakse was^te' wa~z^i' wac^hi~' kte. I need a good saw. 1s: mawa's^te 'I am good'. 1p: u~wa's^te pi 'we are good'. Redup: was^te's^te. 2) to be pretty. He' wikho's^kalaka ki~ li'la was^te'. That young woman is very pretty. Wi~'ya~ ki~ was^te' wa~ wac^hi'pi ekta' wa~bla'ke. I saw a pretty woman at the dance.

was^te'lakA vt. to like. Waha~'pi ki~ was^te'yalaka he? Do you like the soup? 1s: was^te'walake 'I like him, it'. 1p: was^te'?u~laka pi 'we like him, it, he likes us, they like us'.

was^tu~'kala n. hominy. Lit: 'what is soft'.

was^u~' n. 1) hole. Mag^a'z^u ki~ was^u~' o'ta ka'g^e The rain made a lot of holes, washed out a lot of holes. See also: was^u~'ka. 2) burrow, den of an animal. S^u~'kawakha~' ki~ pispi'za othi' was^u~' wa~ e'l na?o'h^pe. The horse stepped in a prairie dog burrow.

was^u~'ka n. hole, burrow, den of an animal. See also: was^u~'.

was^?a'kA vs. to be strong. He' hoks^i'la la ki~ li'la was^?a'ke. That little boy is very strong. Wi'c^as^ke ki~ le' was^?a'ke s^ni s?ele'. This string seems not very strong. Wic^ha's^a was^?a'ka wa~z^i' ec^e'la he' he'c^hu~ oki'hi. Only a strong man can do that. 1s: wama's^?ake 'I am strong'. 1p: wa?u~'s^?aka pi 'we are strong'.

wa'ta n. boat, canoe, ship.

wato'ha~l s^na adv. now and then, sometimes. Wato'ha~l s^na oh^?a~'s^ic^e. He is ornery now and then. Le'l os^i'c^ec^a ki~ wato'ha~l s^na li'la ahi'yu. Sometimes storms are pretty bad here.

watu'kha vs. to be tired. Wani'tukha oni'wa~ya~ke. Wani'yaza~ ka sel? You look tired. Could you be sick? See also: hu'stakA. 1s: wama'tukha 'I am tired'. 1p: wa?u~'tukha pi 'we are tired'. Redup: watu'khakha.

wawo'slata wana~'p?i~ n. hairpipe breastplate.

waya's^lo va. to blow a whistle. Wiwa~'ya~gwac^hi' ki~ waya's^los^lo pi. The sun dancers blow on whistles C^ha~ksa'yuha' ki~ waya's^lo. The policeman blew a whistle. 1s: wabla's^lo 'I blow a whistle'. 1p: wa?u~'yas^lo pi 'we blow whistles'.

waya'wa va. 1) to read (things). Wic^hi~'c^ala ki~ ta'ku to'khu~ pi he? Waya'wa pi. What are the girls doing? They are reading. 1s: wabla'wa 'I read'. 1p: wa?u~'yawa pi 'we read'. 2) to study, to go to school. Naha~'h^c^i Nebraska ekta' wala'wa he? Are you still attending school in Nebraska? Wani'yetu c^ha~'na mic^hi~'ks^i ki~ waya'wa. My son studies (goes to school) during the winter.

waya'za~ kA vs. to be ailing, to suffer from recurrent ailment of complaint. Wana' wani'yetu nu'm wama'yaza~ ke. This is the second year I haven't felt well. Waya'za~ pi ke eha~'ta~na~s^ oma'ni pi s^ni iye'c^hec^a. People shouldn't travel when they are ailing See also: khu'z^A. 1s: wama'yaza~ ke 'I am ailing'. 1p: wa?u~'yaza~ pi ke 'we are ailing'. Redup: waya'syaza~ kA.

waya'z^o va. to pipe, to play a flute. Tuwa' wawa'khiya c^ha waya'z^a. Someone is courting and playing flute. Wala'z^o oya'kihi he? Can you play a flute? 1s: wabla'z^o 'I play a flute'. 1p: wa?u~'yaz^o pi 'we play a flute'.

waya'z^opi n. flute.

wazi' n. pine.

wazi'yata n. north.

wa~1 det. 1) a. Ithu~'kala wa~ wa~bla'ke. I saw a mouse. Wic^ha's^a wa~ wa~ni'ya~g hi'. A man has come to see you. Usage: Wa~ is used in sentences which refer to events or states which are (already) facts. See also: wa~z^i'. 2) one. Wic^hi~'c^ala ya'mni na hoks^i'la wa~ wic^hu~'yuha pi. We have three girls and one (a) boy. Usage: Wa~ is used in sentences which refer to events or states which are (already) facts.

wa~2 interj. Interjection used by men. It can indicate mild sunrise or be used simply to launch a statement. Women say ma. Wa~, hoks^i'la ki~ wa~z^i' hi~h^pa'ye! Oh, one of the boy has fallen down! Wa~, le' a~pe'tu ki~ li'la okha'te! Boy, is it ever hot today!

wa~bli' n. eagle, war eagle.

wa~'c^ala adv. only once. C^huwe' wa~'c^ala hi' na heha~'ta u' s^ni. My older sister came only once, but (and) she hasn't come since.

wa~gle'gleg^a n. bullsnake. Syn: wa~gle'g^a.

wa~gle'g^a n. bullsnake. Syn: wa~gle'gleg^a.

wa~ka'tuya vs. to be high. He' paha' ki~ li'la wa~ka'tuya. That hill is very high. Leta~' wi'mahe'l?iya'ye ki~ ec^he'tkiya paha' wa~ka'katuya. There are high hills to the west of here. 1s: mawa~'katuya 'I am high up'. 1p: u~wa~'katuya pi 'we are high up'. Redup: wa~ka'katuya. 2) to be highly placed. Wic^ha's^a ki~ he' wo'was^i wa~ka'tuya yuha'. That man has a high position.

wa~'tho n. blue racer (snake).

wa~ya~'kA vt. to see. Owa'toha~ya~ wa~c^hi~'ya~ke s^ni. To'ha~ yahi' pi he? I haven't seen you for a while. When did you come? wa~c^hi~'ya~ke I saw you 1s: wa~bla'ke 'I saw him, it'. 2s: wa~la'ke 'you saw him, it'. 1p: wa~?u~'ya~ka pi 'we saw him, it, he saw us, they saw us'.

wa~z^i' det. a. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke wa~z^i' luha' he? Do you folks have a car? Kha~'ta wa~z^i ic^u' wo! Take plum Marvin s^u~'kawakha~' wa~z^i' ophe'thu~ c^hi~'. Marvin wants to buy a horse. Le' a~pe'tu ki~ wo'wapi wa~z^i' iya'c^u kte se'c^e. You'll probably get a letter. Usage: Wa~z^i' is used in sentence referring to events or states which are not (yet) facts. Such sentences are usually questions, commands, or sentences containing the particle ktA. See also: wa~.

— num. one. Wa~z^i' os^i'c^e. One is spoiled. Thaspa~' ki~ wa~z^i' s^pa~' s^ni. One of the apples isn't ripe. Hoks^i'la ki~ to'pa hi' e'yas^, wa~z^i' naha~'h^c^i hi' s^ni. Four of our boys are here, but one hasn't come yet.

wa~z^i'c^a n. one dollar, one o'clock.

wa~z^i'gz^i adv. one each, one apiece. Wakha~'yez^a ki~ wasku'yec^a wa~z^i'gz^i ic^u' pi na s^kal i'yaya pi. The children each took a piece of candy and went to play.

wa~z^i'la pron. only one. Wakha~'yez^a ki~ wa~z^i'la waya'wa. Only one of the children is reading.

wa~z^i'ni det. not a; no; not any (singular). Le'l Ogla'la wa~z^i'ni thi' s^ni. No Oglala lives here.

we encl. Particle which marks a formal command spoken by a woman. Same as ye. We is used when the preceding words ends in u, u~, or o. Mnipi'g^a wa~z^i' ic^u' we! Take a beer!

we' n. blood.

we'g^ahA~ vs. to be broke, to be out of money. Mawe'g^aha~ c^ha o'c^hic^iya owa'kihi s^ni. I'm broke and I can't help you. 1s: mawe'g^ahe 'I'm broke'. 1p: u~we'g^aha~ pi 'we're broke'.

welo' encl. Particle which marks an assertion spoken by a man. Same as yelo'. Welo' is used when the preceding words ends in u, u~, or o. Wakha~'yez^a ki~ he' ma'zaska' manu' welo'. That child steals money.

we'tu n. spring of the year. We'tu e'l ptehi~'c^ala o'tah^c^a wic^ha'thu~' pi. Most calves are born in spring

— vimp. to be spring. Le' wani'yetu ki~ ec^ha~'ni we'tu. Spring was early this year. Oh^?a~'khoya we'tu. Spring was early.

wi' n. sun, moon. Lit: 'luminary'. See also: a~'pawi', ha~he'piwi'.

wic^a'khA va. 1) to tell the truth. Wic^a'kha yo! U~gna' nic^a's^ka pi kte! You had better tell the truth or they will put you in jail. He' wic^ha's^a ki~ tu'heni wic^a'khe s^ni. That man never tells the truth 1s: wic^a'wakhe 'I tell the truth'. 1p: wic^a'?u~kha pi 'we tell the truth'. 2) to be right. Wic^a'yakhe, he' s^u~'ka ki~ li'la c^he'pe h^c^e yelo'. You're right, that dog is very fat.

wic^a'khA s^ni va. to pretend, to feign. Was^te'c^ake e'yas^, wic^a'khe s^ni. He is nice, but it isn't genuine.

wi'c^azo n. pencil.

wic^ha'h^c^ala n. old man. He' wic^ha'h^c^ala ki~ mile'ks^i. That old man is my uncle. Ec^ha~'ni wima'c^hah^c^ala kte. I'll soon be an old man.

wic^ha'h^pi n. star.

wi'c^haphe n. table fork, pitchfork. Variant: wa?i'c^haphe.

wic^ha's^a n. man, adult male. He' wic^ha's^a ki~ tuwe' he? Who is that man? C^hi~'ks^, ec^ha~'ni wini'c^has^a kte yelo'. Son, you will soon be a man.

wic^ha'yapaz^i'pa n. hornet.

wic^ha'yaz^ipa n. wasp.

wic^hi'tegleg^a n. racoon.

wic^hi~'c^ala n. girl, young girl before puberty. Robert wic^hi~'c^ala ya'mni wic^ha'yuha. Robert has three girls. He'c^hena wi?u~'c^hi~c^ala pi. We are still girls. 1s: wima'c^hi~c^ala 'I am a girl'. 1p: wi?u~'c^hi~c^ala pi 'we are girls'.

wi'c^hoka~'ya~hiya'ye n. noon. Lit: 'the sun passes the middle'. Wana' wi'c^hoka~'ya~hiya'ye. Now it is noon. Wi'c^hoka~'ya~hiya'ye ki~ hi' kta wawa'kta. I expect him at noon.

wi'gli n. grease; gasoline, oil, petroleum.

wi'gli?o?i'naz^i~ n. gas station. Lit: 'gasoline stopping place'.

wi'gmuke n. rainbow. Lit: 'snare or trap'. The Indians believed that the rainbow caused the end of a rainstorm by trapping it, so that no more rain could get through.

wikc^e'mna num. to be ten in number. Wikc^e'mna is^ti'ma pi. Ten are asleep. Waya'wa ki~ wikc^e'mna khigla' pi. Ten of the students have gone home. U~wi'kc^emna pi. There are ten of us. Lakho'ta ki~ wikc^e'mna pi. There are ten Indians. Ma'zaska wikc^e'mna. It is ten o'clock. Redup: wikc^e'mnamna.

wikc^e'mna ake'napc^i~'yu~ka num. nineteen. Wani'yetu ama'kenapc^i~'yu~ka. I am nineteen years old. U~ka'kenapc^i~'yu~ka pi. There are nineteen of us. Ptegle's^ka ki~ ake'napc^i~'yu~ka nuni' pi. Nineteen of the cattle are lost. Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake'napc^i~'yu~ka is usually shortened to ake'napc^i~'yu~ka.

wikc^e'mna ake'num num. twelve. Usage: Information on the shortening of nu'pa to nu'm is given under nu'pa. Syn: wikc^e'mna ake'nupa.

wikc^e'mna ake'nupa num. twelve. He'c^hena wani'yetu wikc^e'mna ani'kenupa he? Are you still twelve years old? Wikc^e'mna u~ka'kenupa pi. There are twelve of us. Je'zos wa?u~'spewic^ha'kiye wikc^e'mna ake'num wic^ha'yuha. Jesus had twelve disciples. Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake'nupa is usually shortened to ake'nupa or ake'num. Information on the shortening of nu'pa to nu'm is given under nu'pa.

wikc^e'mna ake's^aglo'g^a~ num. eighteen. Wani'yetu ama'kes^aglo'g^a~. I am eighteen years old. Wani'yetu u~ka'kes^aglo'g^a~ pi. We are eighteen years old. Ptegle's^ka ake's^aglo'g^a~ ki~ lena' wi'yophewi'c^haya pi. These eighteen cows have been sold. Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake's^aglo'g^a~ is usually shortened to ake's^aglo'g^a~.

wikc^e'mna ake's^ako'wi~ num. seventeen. Wani'yetu ama'kes^akpe. I will soon be seventeen years old. U~ka'kes^ako'wi~ pi. There are seventeen of us. Le' a~pe'tu ki~ wakha~'yez^a ake's^ako'wi~ hi' pi s^ni. Seventeen children are absent (didn't come today). Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake's^ako'wi~ is usually shortened to ake's^ako'wi~.

wikc^e'mna ake's^akpe num. sixteen. Wani'yetu ama'kes^akpe. I am sixteen years old. U~ka'kes^akpe pi. There are sixteen of us. S^u~'ka ki~ khokhe'yah^?a~la ake's^akpe wic^ha'yat?a pi. The dogs have killed sixteen chickens. Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake's^akpe is usually shortened to ake's^akpe.

wikc^e'mna ake'tob num. fourteen. Usage: Information on the shortening of to'pa to to'b is given under to'pa.

wikc^e'mna ake'topa num. fourteen. Wani'yetu ama'ketopa. I am fourteen years old. Wikc^e'mna u~ka'ketopa pi. There are fourteen of us. Bloke'tu o'pta wo'wapi ake'tob blawa'. I read fourteen books during the summer. Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake'topa is usually shortened to ake'topa or ake'tob. |Information on the shortening of to'pa to to'b is given under to'pa.

wikc^e'mna ake'wa~z^i' num. eleven. Unka'kewa~z^i' pi. There are eleven of us. Na', wa~'lewa~' ma'zaska' ake'wa~z^i'. Here are eleven dollars. He' wic^ha's^a ki~ wakha~'yez^a wikc^e'mna ake'wa~z^i' wic^ha'yuha. That man has eleven children. Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake'wa~z^i' is usually shortened to ake'wa~z^i'.

wikc^e'mna ake'wa~z^i'c^a num. eleven. Wani'yetu ama'kewa~z^ic^a. I am eleven years old. Wani'yetu u~ka'kewanz^i'c^a pi. We are eleven years old. Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake'wa~z^i'c^a is used only in stating age. It is usually shortened to ake'wa~z^i'c^a.

wikc^e'mna ake'yamni num. thirteen. Wani'yetu ani'keyamni he? Are you thirteen years old.? Wani'yetu u~ka'keyamni pi. We are thirteen years old. Ma'zaska' ake'yamni bluso'te. I spent thirteen dollars. Usage: Wikc^e'mna ake'yamni is usually shortened to ake'yamni.

wikc^e'mna ake'zapta~ num. fifteen. Wani'yetu ama'kezapta~. I am fifteen years old. Wani'yetu u~ka'kezapta~ pi. We are fifteen years old. Lakho'ta ki~ ake'zapta~ othu~'wahe ekta' iya'ya pi. Fifteen of the Indians have left for town. Syn: ake'zapta~.

wikc^e'mna napc^i~'yu~ka num. ninety. Wani'yetu wikc^e'mna napc^i~'yu~ka he? Are you ninety years old? Ma'zaska' wikc^e'mna napc^i~'yu~ka bluha' ni'. I wish I had ninety dollars.

wikc^e'mna nu'm num. twenty. Usage: Information on the shortening of nu'pa to nu'm is given under nu'pa. Syn: wikc^e'mna nu'pa.

wikc^e'mna nu'pa num. twenty. Wani'yetu wikc^e'mna manu'pa. I am twenty years old. Ate'waye ki~ ptegle's^ka wikc^e'mna nu'pa (wikc^e'mna nu'm) ophe'wic^hathu~. May father has bought twenty cow. Usage: Information on the shortening of nu'pa to nu'm is given under nu'pa. See also: wikc^e'mna nu'm.

wikc^e'mna s^aglo'g^a~ num. eighty. Wani'yetu wikc^e'mna u~s^a'glog^a~ pi. We are eighty years old. Leta~' makhi'yutapi wikc^e'mna s^aglo'g^a~ u~thi' pi. We live eighty miles from here.

wikc^e'mna s^ako'wi~ num. seventy. Wani'yetu wikc^e'mna nis^a'kowi~ kta he? Will you be seventy? Le' ag^u'yapi ki~ ma'zaska's^a'la wikc^e'mna s^ako'wi~. This bread costs seventy cents.

wikc^e'mna s^a'kpe num. sixty. Wani'yetu wikc^e'mna mas^a'kpe. I am sixty years old. Tuwa' ma'zas^a'la wikc^e'mna s^a'kpe yuha' he? Who has sixty cents?

wikc^e'mna to'b num. forty. Usage: Information on the shortening of to'pa to to'b is given under to'pa. Syn: wikc^e'mna to'pa.

wikc^e'mna to'pa num. forty. Toha~'l wani'yetu wikc^e'mna nito'pa kta he? When will you be forty years old? Leks^i'lawaye ki~ ptegle's^ka wikc^e'mna to'b wi'yophewic^haye. My uncle has sold forty heads of cattle. Usage: Information on the shortening of to'pa to to'b is given under to'pa. See also: wikc^e'mna to'b.

wikc^e'mna ya'mni num. thirty. Wani'yetu wikc^e'mna maya'mni. I am thirty years old. September e'l a~pe'tu wikc^e'mna ya'mni. There are thirty days in September. Ma'zas^a'la wikc^e'mna ya'mni aka'b wac^hi~' kte. I still need thirty cents.

wikc^e'mna za'pta~ num. fifty. Wani'yetu wikc^e'mna u~za'pta~. You and I are fifty years old.

wi'kha~ n. rope. Variant: wa?i'kha~.

wikho's^kalaka n. young woman. Hena' wikho's^kalaka ki~ tuwe' pi he? Who are those young ladies? Wana' wini'khos^kalaka c^ha hoks^i'la o'b heha~'ya~ s^ka'te s^ni ye. You are a young lady now and you shouldn't play with boys.

wina'wizihutkha~' n. cockle burr. Lit: 'jealous woman plant'.

winu'h^c^ala n. old woman. Winu'h^c^ala hu~'h^ oc^ha~'ms^ic^a pi. Some old women get cranky. Wima'nuh^c^ala c^ha he'c^hamu wac^hi~' s^ni. I am an old woman and I don't want to do that.

wi'pazukha n. June berry, June berries. See also: wi'pazu~tka, wi'pazu~tka~.

wi'pazu~tka n. June berry, June berries. See also: wi'pazukha, wi'pazu~tka~.

wi'pazu~tka~ n. June berry, June berries. See also: wi'pazu~tka, wi'pazukha.

witko' vs. to be unconventional, to behave in an erratic or crazy way. He' wi~'ya~ ki~ witko'. That woman does crazy things. Wi~'ya~ witko' ki~ akhe' wa?e'c^hu~ h^c^a ke! That crazy woman did it again! He' wic^ha's^a ki~ oz^u'la witko'tko ke. That man is very crazy. 1s: wima'tko 'I am crazy'. 1p: wi?u~'tko pi 'we are crazy'.

wiwi'la n. spring (water). Wiwi'la wa~ iye'?u~ya~ pi. We found a spring. Wiwi'la mni ki~ li'la sni'. The spring water is very cold.

wi'wopta n. digging stick. Variant: wa?i'wopta.

wi'yaskabyapi n. glue. Variant: wa?i'yaskabyapi.

wi'yatke n. cup. Variant: wa?i'yatke.

wiyo'hi~ya~pata n. east. Lit: 'where the sun comes up'.

wi'yoh^peyata n. west. Lit: 'where the sun goes down'.

wi'yokatkug^e n. bolt, screw. See also: iyo'katkug^e. Variant: wa?i'yokatkug^e.

wi'yuhomni n. screwdriver; brace (carpenter's tool). Variant: wa?i'yuhomni.

wi'yu~g^A vt. to ask about things. He' ta'ku slolya' c^hi~' c^ha wi'yu~g^e. He wanted to know something and so he asked him about it. 1s: wi'mug^e 'I asked him about'.

wi~'ya~ n. woman. Wi~'ya~ ki~ wi'gli?u~ka'g^api ka'g^a ha~ pi. The women are making fry bread. U~wi~'ya~ pi c^ha he'c^hu~k?u~ pi u~ko'kihi pi s^ni. We are women and we can't do that.

wi~'yela vs. to be female. Ptehi~'c^ala wa~ thu~'pi and yu~'kha~ wi~'yela. A calf has been born and it is a female. Ptehi~'c^ala wi~'yela ec^e'la ophe'wic^hawathu~. I buy only female calves. 1s: mawi~'yela 'I am female'. 1p: u~wi~'yela pi 'we are females'.

wo encl. Particle which marks a formal commands spoken by a man. Same as yo. Wo is used when the preceding words ends in u, u~, or o. Mnipi'g^a wa~z^i' ic^u' wo! Take a beer!

wo'glakA va. to talk, to converse. Owa'phe wa~z^i' se'c^a wo'u~glaka pi. We talked for about an hour. Lakho'tuya wo'glaka pi. They are talking in Lakhota. Wo'glaka awa's^tewalake. I like to talk. 1s: wo'waglake 'I talked'. 1p: wo'?u~glaka pi 'we talked'.

wo'h^e n. vegetation, weeds.

wo'kpa~ n. parfleche bag, rawhide bag.

wo'khiyA va. to pay court, to flirt. The'c^a ki~ wo'khiya pi. The young men are courting. Usage: Wo'khiyA is used only in speaking of males, and it is freely interchanged with wa'khiyA. 1s: wo'wakhiye 'I pay court, I flirt'. 1p: wo'?u~khiya pi 'we are courting, we flirt'.

wo'ska n. quillwork.

wo'tA va. 1) to eat (something). Wa~bla'ke k?u~ he'ha~ wo'ta he. When I saw him he was eating something. 1s: wawa'te 'I ate (something)'. 2s: waya'te 'you ate (something)'. 3s: wo'te 'he ate (something)'. 1p: wa?u~'yuta pi 'we ate (something)'. 2) to eat a meal. Eha~'ni wa?u~'yuta pi. We already ate. H^taye'tu c^ha~'na wato'ha~l waya'ta he? What time do you eat in the evening? Wana' wo'ta c^hi~' pi he? Do they want to eat now? To'ha~ waya'ta he? When did you eat? Mission e'l u~ki'naz^i~ na u~ki'naz^i~ na wa?u~'yuti~ kte. We'll stop (two persons) and eat in Mission.

wo'wapi n. book. Wo'wapi ki~ iyu'ha blawa'. I read all of the books. 2) letter, mail. H^ta'leha~ mic^hi~'ks^i wo'wapi wa~ iya'yewakhiye. I sent a letter to my son yesterday. Wo'wapi ki~ wana' ahi' pi he? Did the mail come yet? 3) flag. H^taye'tu c^ha wo'wapi gluh^pa' pi. It was evening so they took down the flag.

wo'wapis^ka~s^ka~' n. movie. Lit: 'moving picture'.

wo'was^i n. work, job. Wo'was^i ole'. He is looking for work (he is looking for a job). Pierre e'l wo'was^i yuha'. He has a job in Pierre. Wo'was^i tke'. It is hard (heavy) work.

wo'was^i ec^ha'?u~ va. to work. Lit: 'to do work'. Tukte'l wo'was^i ec^ha'nu he? Where do you work? Ha~he'pi ki~ the'ha~ wo'was^i ec^hu~'k?u~ pi kte. We have to work late tonight. Variant: wo'was^i ec^hu~', wo'was^c^hu~. 1s: wo'was^i ec^ha'mu 'I work'. 1p: wo'was^i ec^ha'?u~k?u~ pi 'we work'.

wo'yute n. food; groceries.

wo'z^u va. to plant (a garden, crops). Wo'z^u u~ki'glus^ta~ pi. We have finished planting. 1s: wo'waz^u 'I planted a garden'. 1p: wo'?u~z^u pi 'we planted a garden'.

wo'z^uha n. sack.

wo'z^upi n. planted area, garden, field.

yA' n. 1) to be going, to be on the way. Mic^hu~'ks^i owa'yawa ekta' ye'. My daughter is on her way to school. 1s: ble' 'I was going'. 1p: u~ya~' pi 'we were going'. 2) to go. H^ta'leha~ Mnilu'zahe Othu~'wahe ekta' la' he? Did you go to Rapid City yesterday? 1s: ble' 'I went'. 1p: u~ya~' pi 'we went'.

yah^ta'kA n. to bite, to seize with the mouth. S^u~'ka ki~ tukte'l niya'h^taka he? Where did the dog bite you? 1s: blah^ta'ke 'I bit him'. 1p: u~ya'h^taka pi 'we bit him, he bit us, they bit us'.

ya'mni num. three. Ya'mni c^he'ya pi. Three are crying Wakha~'yez^a ya'mni c^he'ya pi. Three children are crying. Redup: ya'mnimni.

— vs. to be three in number. Niya'mni pi he? Are there three of you? Ma'zas^ka~s^ka~' ya'mni. It is three o'clock.

yamnu'mnug^api n. pepper Brule). See also: yamnu'mnuz^api.

yamnu'mnuz^api n. pepper Oglala). See also: yamnu'mnug^api.

yatkA~' vt. to drink. Waha~'pi ki~ eta~' latka~' he? Did you eat (drink) any of the soup? Be'bela ki~ asa~'pi ki~ yatke' s^ni. The baby isn't drinking the milk. Usage: This verb is used of all liquids, including those which are considered as food. 1s: blatke' 'I drank (it)'. 1p: u~ya'tka~ pi 'we drank (it)'.

yat?i~'sya wo'glakA va. a style for careful, formal speech, in which every word is pronounced clearly and carefully. See also: ikc^e'ya wo'glakA.

yawa' vt. 1) to read. He' wo'wapi ki~ naha~'h^c^i lawa' he? Did you read that book yet? 1s: blawa' 'I read it, them'. 1p: u~ya'wa pi 'we read it, them'. 2) to count. Ma'zaska' ki~ yawa'. He counted the money. 3) to consider. He' owa'yawa ki~ li'la was^te' yawa' pi. That school is considered to be very good.

yaza~' vs. to hurt, to ache. Tukte'l niya'za~ he? Where do you hurt? Nata' maya'za~. My head is aching. 1s: maya'za~ 'I am in pain, my __ hurts'. 1p: u~ya'za~ pi 'we are in pain, our __ hurt'.

ya~kA' va. 1) to sit, to be sitting (of something animate). 1s: make' 'I was sitting'. 1p: u~ya~'ka pi 'we were sitting'. 2) to be, to be sitting, to be located. Wo'wapi ki~ wa'glotapi aka~'l ya~ke'. The letter is on the table. Mnikho'woz^u Thi'pi tukte'l ya~ka' he? Where is the Cheyenne River Reservation? Ble' wa~ ka'l ya~ke'. There is a lake over there. Usage: Ya~kA' is used in the sense of 'to be' only of inanimate things which have a broad base when compared to their vertical extension (altitude). See also: hA~', h^pa'yA, ?u~'.

ye encl. Particle which marks a formal command spoken by a woman. Same as we. The particles pi (plural) and ye are ordinarily contracted to pe when both are present in a command.. Waha~'pi eta~' yatka~' ye! Eat (drink) some soup! Waha~'pi eta~' yatka~' pi ye (pe)! Eat (drink) some soup!

ye' va. he, she, it goes. See yA'.

yelo' encl. Particle which marks an assertion spoken by a man. The particles pi (plural) and yelo' are ordinarily contracted to pelo' when both are present in a sentence. Same as welo'.. He' wic^ha's^a ki~ li'la ksa'pe yelo'. That man is very wise. Hena' wi~'ya~ ki~ li'la wo's^ic^a pi yelo' (pelo'). Those women are real troublemakers.

yetho' encl. Particle which marks a familiar command spoken by a man. Yetho' is often equivalent to the English 'please'.. Tho'hi~ya~ka yetho', oc^hi'c^iyaki~ kte yelo'. Please wait a minute, I'll tell you. Oz^a~'z^a~glepi ki~ yug^a~' yetho'. Please open the window!

yo encl. Particle which marks a formal command spoken by a man. Same as wo. The particles pi (plural) and yo are ordinarily contracted to po when both are present in a command.. He'c^hu~ s^ni yo! Don't do that! Hiyu' pi yo (po)! Come here!

yug^a~' vt. to open with the hand. Na', le' mas?o'gnaka ki~ yug^a~' yetho'? Here, would you open this can, please? Oz^a~'z^a~glepi ki~ yug^a~' yo! Open the window(s)! Oz^a~'z^a~glepi ki~ ta'kuwe yug^a~'g^a~ ha~ yo? Why are the windows open? 1s: blug^a~' 'I opened it (by hand)'. 2s: u~yu'g^a~ pi 'we opened it (by hand)'.

yug^a~'g^a~ vs. open. Reduplicated form of yug^a~'.

yuha' vt. 1) to have. Iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke wa~z^i' luha' he? Do you have a car? Usage: Yuha' is used of things whose possession is readily transferrable. See also: yukhA~'. 1s: bluha' 'I have him, it'. 1p: u~yu'ha pi 'we have him, it, he has us, they have us'.

yu?i'le vt. to turn on a light. O?i'yokpaze, ile' ki~ yu?i'le yo! It's dark in here, turn on the light! 1s: blu?i'le 'I turned on the light'. 1p: u~yu'?ile pi 'we turned on the light'.

yukpa~' vt. to grind, especially dry materials. U'ta ki~ iyu'ha yukpa~'. She ground all of the nuts. 1s: blukpa~' 'I ground it'. 1p: u~yu'kpa~ pi 'we ground it'.

yukhA~' vs. to have. Nape' nu'm mayu'khe. I have two hands Ag^u'yapi eta~' yukha~' he? Is there any bread? Usage: YukhA~' refers only to existence only, and used only of intimate possesions such as body parts and necessities of life. 1s: mayu'khe 'I have'. 1p: u~yu'kha~ pi 'we have'.

yusni' vt. to turn off a light. Wana' ile' ki~ yusni' pi kte he'c^ha. It's time to turn out the light. 1s: blusni' 'I turned off the light'. 1p: u~yu'sni pi 'we turned off the light'.

yusto'sto vt. to stroke, to pet. S^u~'ka ki~ yusto'sto s^ni yo! Don't pet the dog! 1s: blusto'sto 'I stroke it'. 1p: u~yu'stosto pi 'we stroke it, he strokes us, they stroke us'.

yus^ke'ha~ vt. to tease. Thawi'c^u ki~ yus^ke'ha~ s?a. He always teases his wife. Be'bela ki~ yus^ke'ha~ s^ni yo! Don't tease the baby! 1s: blus^ke'ha~ 'I teased him'. 1p: u~yu's^keha~ pi 'we teased him, he teased us, they teased us'.

yus^?i~'s^?i~ vt. to tickle. Ama'yus^ta~ ye! Mayu's^?i~s^?i~ s^ni ye! Leave me alone! Don't tickle me! 1s: blus^?i~'s^?i~ 'I tickled him'. 1p: u~yu's^?i~s^?i~ pi 'we tickled him, he tickled us, they tickled us'.

yu'tA vt. to eat. Omni'c^a ya'ta awa's^teyalaka he? Do you like to eat beans? S^u~'ka ki~ thalo' ta'kuni yu'te s^ni. The dog didn't eat any meat. 1s: wa'te 'I ate it'. 2s: ya'te 'you ate it'. 3s: yu'te 'he ate it'. 1p: u~yu'ta pi 'we ate it'.

yu'zA vt. to marry. Wic^ha's^a ki~ le' mitha~'ks^ila yu'zi~ kte. This man is marrying my younger sister. Usage: Yu'zA is used only in speaking to males.

yuz^a'z^a vt. to wash. Waks^i'c^a ki~ yuz^a'z^a ye! Wash the dishes! Hayu'z^az^a yo! Do the laundry! Owa~'ka~yuz^a'z^api ki~ iye'c^hi~ki~ya~ke ki~ luz^a'z^a kte he'c^ha. You have to wash the car on Saturday. 1s: bluz^a'z^a 'I washed him, it'. 1p: u~yu'z^az^a pi 'we wash him, it, he washes us, they wash us'.

yuz^i'pa vt. to pinch. Hoks^i'la ki~ he' mayu'z^ipe. That boy pinched me. 1s: bluz^i'pa 'I pinched him'. 1p: u~yu'z^ipa pi 'we pinched him, he pinched us, they pinched us'.